6.

Donald Macdonald KNIGHT, son of Edward Arthur KNIGHT and Margaret Harken MACDONALD, was born on 30 May 1925 in Sydney. He was a Ship's Officer, Hotelier. He was Methodist. He married Jean Norma HALL on 22 Jun 1946 in Christ Church, Gladesville, Sydney. David J.Knox, Marriage Certificate C694305, Witnesses - Ian E Barton, Norman E Smith. Donald died on 21 Oct 1995 in Launceston. Heart failure,whilst suffering terminal liver cancer. Donald was buried on 21 Oct 1995 in Cremated Launceston Crematorium. Ashes with son, Rhett Knight.

Don was born into a working-class family - father a ship's engineer, mother the daughter of a ship's engineer. Don's mother died when he was aged 2, brother Billy 9. Perhaps because their father, Ted, worked full-time or could not cope with 2 young boys, Don and Bill were brought up by their maternal grandmother Annie Macdonald, an Irishwoman from Londonderry. Annie was a nurse by profession. According to Don's brother Bill "by all reports was a broad speaking Scottish lady who did not tolerate frivolity....but who did the best she could for them both". Annie's husband Walter had died in 1915. Although she was stern, Don spoke about her fondly. In later life whenever Don visited Sydney he always visited the family grave at Rookwood. Annie came to care for them at Foucart St., Drummoyne. They moved (by horse and cart!) to Thompson St., Drummoyne. Then to Broughton St., Drummoyne where they had a garden in the Depression. Next to Edwin St., Drummoyne. Don went into the Navy at 17. Bill, who had lived at other family houses, including Rowntree St., got married from Edwin St.

Don went to Drummoyne Primary School and he spent 3 years at Drummoyne Intermediate High School until November 1939. He attended the Methodist Church in Drummoyne, and was in the "Boys Brigade" during Primary School. He spent 3 years at High School, and after finishing school he obtained a job as a clerk with WD&HO Wills and Co. in the city. Don may have been a a surf lifesaver, probably at Narrabeen, explaining his lifelong love of bodysurfing. He had a friend at Narrabeen, Larry McNab, whose mother was reputed to be a relative or family friend of his mother. Don visited Mrs. McNab several times before her death, last time at Collaroy.

Before the War Don sang in a vocal group called the "Arabian Knights". He was 17 years of age when in it, according to Ian Barton, another member. It was 3 part harmony consisting of members Ian Barton - bass, Don Knight - melody, and Herb Smith - tenor. It was a National competition and they won it. The show was broadcast by Macquarie network 2GB. Assessment was done by vote, and the groups were auditioned first. The show pianist was Marie Ormston, the "Melody Girl". She was engaged to Frank Brown (contempt of Parliament). The "Arabian Nights" were invited to sing at their wedding, but war intervened. Don was also on "Amateur Hour" in an instrumental group, the "RonDonIans": Ron Gowans - sax, clarinet, became professional and later played with Tommy Tycho, Ian Barton- Spanish guitar, Don - piano accordion, George Watson - drums.

Because he was only 17 he had to get his father's authorisation to enlist in the Navy. This was obtained only grudgingly, according to his cousin, Jack Knight. He kept waiting outside the pub door for his father Ted to sign the document which he eventually did. Don was mobilised for War service 0n 7.9.42. His naval experience was mainly on Corvettes, and he was a member of the Corvette Association in later life, attending reunions from 1980 until 1992, and taking senior roles in the Association.

"Corvettes are one of the smallest warships in the Australian navy and were built in local shipyards in Australia. They served in World War II escorting merchant ships around the Australian coast, swept for mines and rescued survivors from bombed ships."

Training during WW2 seems to have been: "Cerberus" to Jan 1943."Rushcutter" to April 1943. HMAS Rushcutter was an anti-submarine school, and a radar and gunnery school at Edgecliffe, Sydney.

Don served on the "Cairns", corvette, then the"Geraldton" minesweeper during 1943 during the invasion of Sicily in the Mediterranean, in Atlantic convoys, and in the Persian Gulf convoys from Aden to Bombay. He was on HMS "Canopus", a naval shore establishment in Alexandria in 1943. From April 1944 until February 1946 he served on the "Yandra, Radar ship until he finished his navy service. Yandra remained in eastern Australian waters conducting routine patrol, anti-submarine and escort duties which extended as far north as New Guinea. "Don had qualified in Radar and Gunnery at "Rushcutter". His photos and memorabilia show that he had visited many places during WW2, including Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi,Kandy, Suez, Port Said, Alexandria, Gibraltar, Haifa, Nazareth, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Aden, Cairns, Milne Bay, Fremantle and Eden.

During the War he met his future wife Jean when he was on leave. They exchanged hundreds of letters during the War and whilst he was in the merchant Service.

He was demobilised on 4.3.1946, and his WW2 discharge address was 40 Edwin St., Drummoyne. His discharge was a month before his grandmother Annie Macdonald died.

After demobilisation Don worked in the Probate Registry From January 1940 to November 1940 and went back to work for WD&HO Wills for about a year. During a period of leave he went to sea for a trip with close friend Norm Smith's wife, Molly Smith's father, Captain Haydn. Don then served under the captain on "60-miler" cargo ships, about 60 miles up and down the coast from Sydney for a couple of years. Haydn persuaded Don that he needed more qualifications which meant going on longer voyages. Don then joined Miller's shipping company. Ships he sailed in included the "William Macarthur" and the "Birchgrove Park". And the Union Steamship Company's "Kamona", and the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company's "Mildura". Don wrote to Jean whenever he was ashore and the letters indicate many sailings to Strahan, Hobart, Brisbane and other Australian ports. He was examined for and passed his 2nd Mate's certificate of Competency. Later he sat and passed exam for 1st. Mate's certificate of Competency. He didn't take up a captaincy, although he only had about 12 months before he could qualify for it. Life at sea was proving difficult for a young married couple with a young child. Don was a Masonic Lodge member first at Birkenhead in Sydney,joining on 22/8/1946, continuing membership in Tasmania from 1977 at the Army and navy Lodge as a Master Mason, retiring in June 1990.

By June 1947just before son Rhett's birth, the family was was living at 25 Dean St., Enfield, and were still there in October 1948.(232), and in July 1950. By 1952 the address was Cook rd. Centennial Park.

Don left the sea in 1953. His last port of call was Newcastle on 15th April 1953.Whilst on leave from the Merchant Navy, at a weekend trip to Mt. Victoria Hotel, Don was spotted by the owner, Doyle Mallett, organising a dance for all the guests. Mallett persuaded Don to leave the sea to work for him, learning the hotel trade at his hotels in Katoomba, Mt. Victoria and Petersham.After leaving the sea, Don went into the hotel trade, and eventually managed the Annandale Hotel for a period whilst the owners were overseas, living on the premises. After that came a stint managing "Gearins' Hotel" at Katoomba in the Blue Mountains (Including a short stint at the Mount Victoria Hotel). Then, spotted by Reg Ansett, Ansett Hotels contracted Don to develop and manage the Club Hotel at Burnie in Tasmania. In April 1955. He certainly did that, lifting the beer sales from nowhere to be the second largest of any hotel in the state. One of the attractions for drinkers in the Public Bar was the television set. License Number One in Tasmania. The family moved to Launceston about 1958. A photo of the Club hotel was notated on the rear "our hotel from 1954-1958" by Don Knight. He organised many dinners for the local ex-P.O.W.'s, serving extra-hot curries for them in a private room. Part of the reason for moving from Burnie was the urging from Jean who was concerned that Don's vocabulary was becoming limited to "Ow yer goin' mate, orright?" and thought that a more elevated tone would be more appropriate for them both. After several years, in July 1960 the Centennial Hotel in Launceston was purchased freehold, and soon the building was re-developed. Whilst owning this Hotel, Don took over the lease of the Hotel St. George Launceston in August 1961 from Boag's Brewery, purchased it in December 1978 and sold it in 1980. He had a great interest in, and appetite for, wine. His interest led to him being appointed the first Vineyards Association of Tasmania Executive Officer, a part-time honorary position, from 1984 to 1990.

Like many others from slightly deprived backgrounds, Don was proud of his wartime experiences and his time at sea. It opened up for him new worlds and interaction with many different people from all stratas of society. He celebrated these experiences for the rest of his life; by referring to them (whilst he was on his boats "Lady Jean", then "Shenandoah"(1973) he was the Captain and everything was referred to in naval terms), by socializing with like-minded people, and by joining and working for interest groups related to them (the Naval Association and Legacy - Launceston president from1973). He was a member of the Merchant Service Guild of Australia and the Naval and Military Club.

Likewise, he was proud of his Scottish ancestry - through his mother's side he was a Macdonald and given that as his second name. She was born in Scotland and although he knew little of her forbears other than the story that his great grandfather was a Master mariner, he loved the idea of his Scottish descent. He celebrated it in many ways, most obviously by introducing the idea of a "Burns night" (25th January) to the Beefsteak and burgundy Club. Every year a Burns night would be held at his hotel, the St. George. A Haggis, made by Don, using ingredients (lung, heart and other nasty bits) from the friendly German butcher Wolfgang next door, was piped into the gathering by a bagpiper from the local Caledonian band. Burns' "Ode to a haggis" would be recited by a local Scot and the ceremonies would be overseen by the local Chieftain, Bill Thompson, another Scot, and close friend. Much revelry ensued, drinking and singing - lots of good fellowship and also good for business.

Don's gifts were his social skills - he genuinely loved and enjoyed other people. He could relate and adapt to people from all backgrounds, was naturally friendly and outgoing. He enjoyed individual interaction and he loved a party.

He loved old musicals and in his retirement would watch many of them again on video .He had a great knowledge of songs and where they came from and who sang them as well.

Beauty Point. In the 1960's Don and jean bought a shack on the waterfront at Beauty Point, 40 minutes drive from Launceston. They renovated this over a number of years to a pleasant house. From here, Don was able to develop his passion for boats and the sea through a motor cruiser moored close by. The weekend routine was often to come to Beauty Point on a Sunday (or on a Saturday, returning to the Hotel for the Saturday night) and cruise and fish in the Tamar, eating onboard or barbecuing ashore somewhere. This was often done with other families and friends aboard or on their own boats: most notably the Hendersons' in the early days, and other boat owners (Rex Stephens, John Roark and families) later on. The boats had the advantage of being very fast, powered by large petrol motors, of being able to have a full day on the water and get back home quickly to have a social gathering at home afterwards. Because they were motor boats they were looked down on by some in the yachting fraternity as 'not real boating'. Don was aware of this snobbery and was always careful not to offend yachties.

In 1971 jean and Don had an overseas trip for 4 months, visiting Hawaii, Mexico, Bahamas, New York, Portugal, Spain,Paris, London, Scotland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Greece and South Africa. They had previously travelled to Japan in the 1964.

After selling the St. George hotel in 1980 Don worked in sales fro his good friend John Roark until an unfortunate hospitalisation in Hobart in 1981. He was left quite unwell after that for a period of time and won a settlement from the hospital because of it's negligence.

Don and Jean never had a house of their own (apart from their shack) until they purchased 30 High Street, Launceston in the 1970's. They lived either in rooms at their hotels (Club Hotel, Centennial Hotel, St. George Hotel) or rented local flats (Dean St. Ashfield, Sydney, Cook Rd. Centennial Park Sydney, Frederick St. Launceston and Elphin Rd. Launceston). Frederick St. was a long-term stay and so was decorated appropriately according to Jean's taste. So the purchase of High St. was a milestone for them, particularly as it was in a very upmarket part of Launceston and was an imposing residence. They had come a long way from Gladesville and Drummoyne in Sydney.They were gradually renovating and decorating High St. and they had one upstairs bedroom full of antiques and bric-a-brac ready to be used. When Jean first was affected by Alzheimer's disease in about 1989 the renovations stopped, and when she was put into private care at a local nursing home, gradually Don sold off many antiques in order to pay for her care.

Don was a wonderful carer, religiously visiting Jean, usually twice daily, and became on best of terms with the nursing staff and many residents.

He faced his own mortality with great equanimity being diagnosed with terminal liver cancer 3 months before his death in 1995. He had begun some research into his family history at that time and would have loved to see how it developed^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13}.

7.

Jean Norma HALL, daughter of Frederick Poole HALL and Isabella Jean MCLEAN, was born on 13 Feb 1925 in 88 Lyons Rd., Drummoyne, Sydney.¹⁴ born at "Nurse Rice's Private Hospital".Birth certificate A 271477 extract 27/12/41. Jean was a Bank Officer ,Hotelier. She was C of E. She died on 17 May 1996 in Mary's Grange Nursing Home, Taroona, Hobart, Tasmania. Alzheimer's Disease. Jean was buried in Cremated Hobart Crematorium. Ashes with son, Rhett Knight.

Jean attended Gladesville Primary School, and then Riverview High School to Intermediate Level. She then worked at the Rural Bank in Martin Place, Sydney city as a typist/office assistant in the Chief Accountant's office, 8th Floor from 5th Jan 1942 until 5th April 1946, shortly before her marriage. Jean and her sister Shirley were Legatees after their father Fred's death. She and Don became attached during 1943 and many hundreds of letters were passed between them during the war and whilst Don was in the merchant Service. After her marriage to Don, and Rhett's birth, they lived at Enfield and then Centennial Park whilst Don was still at sea. She worked as a barmaid in various hotels whilst living at Centennial Park before Don came ashore and they managed the Annandale Hotel for a period.

During their hotel management, Jean often would take responsibility for the kitchen and accommodation roles, complementing Don's public relations side.

She was a gifted interior decorator and an avid antique collector. In Tasmania she was contracted to do the decorating for several other Tasmanian hotels. Her eulogy, written and delivered by Nancy Schaffner tells of the cruel disease which eventually took her life¹⁵.

Donald Macdonald KNIGHT and Jean Norma HALL had the following children:

10.

Edward Arthur KNIGHT, son of William George Joseph KNIGHT and Amelia Alice JONES, was born on 28 Jun 1895 in Balmain Nth.^{16 17} Reg. no.20166. Edward was a Fitter & turner, Marine Engineer.^{18 19 1 3} He was educated at Balmain Christian Bros. school.²⁰ He was Baptised Catholic.²⁰ He married Margaret Harken MACDONALD on 20 Oct 1917 in St. Barnabas Church, George St. West, Sydney.²¹ 9847/1917 (C of E church). Edward married Bridget Victorine GARVEY in 1936 in Sydney.²¹ reg. no. 17395. Edward died on 13 Oct 1972 in Sydney.^{22 23 24} 67877/1972 Heart failure. Edward was buried on 16 Oct 1972 in Catholic Lawn cemetery, Rookwood. Mortuary 3, Lawn 3, Grave no. 743.^{22 25 23} Service at Church of St. Joseph, Liverpol Rd., Enfield.

Ted was born "during a strike", according to his mother, humorously indicating his personality. He attended Balmain Christian Brothers school, and according to his family he was a real "Larrikin". This was an epithet that was used, not coincidentally, to describe his son Billy, and then Billy's son Kenny. Physically Ted was a small man. "Six stone soaking wet", someone said.

He was lIving at his parents residence in 1917, according to Electoral rolls. At marriage, age 22, he was a marine engineer, residing at Balmain, according to the marriage certificate. His wife Margaret, known as "Rita" died in 1927. He had 2 children by then, and they were raised mainly by Rita's mother Annie Macdonald. Ted's address was Drummoyne at his father's death in 1931.

During WW1. Ted was a ship's Engineer, mainly in the Atlantic. He was 4th engineer on a cargo vessel, the "Toromeo", ex Transport Branch of the Navy Department, then under the control of the Commonwealth Government Line in February 1919, sailing from Liverpool to New York. It was the time of the end of the "Spanish Flu" pandemic. Five crew members died on the ship of influenza, and were buried in a community grave in New York. Ted said he survived by drinking rum. "While at New York, the Toromeo experienced a tragic epidemic of influenza among themembers of the crew during the 5 weeks stay at the American port.The Chief Officer and 5 other members of the crew, succumbed to the disease. The victims included the 3rd engineer and the carpenter. Fifteen others were left behind in hospital when the Toromeo sailed for Wellington. The outbreak on the steamer was remarkable in view of the epidemic having almost entirely disappeared in New York". Ted had contracted some flu and always spoke with a husky voice from then on .

He sapparently bravely helped a little boy who had diptheria by clearing a blockage in his airway.

Ted worked at Mort's Dock, Balmain, Sydney, as a fitter. According to his son Bill, Ted's lunch sandwich was "a double rum". Jack Knight's father, William Frank Knight was annoyed that Ted didn't get his engineer's certificate because he was a very, very good draughtsman, and some of his work was used as examples at Sydney Technical College. He was apparently renowned as an expert at removing a ship's propeller from its shaft.

In September 1942 he was living at the Knight family home at 14 Rowntree St. Balmain.Then during WW2 he moved to 56 Boyce St., Glebe Point. During WW2 he was a fitter at Mort's Dock,and he was retrenched from there in 1957. He married his second wife "Bridie" during WW2 in 1936. She had been working in a local hotel as a barmaid. They lived at Boyce St., Glebe, near Harold Park, Sydney. This is where he was known to RK, where there was always Resch's Dinner Ale on offer, and ginger ale for Rhett^{1,3,5,9,18,19,20,22,26,27}.

Bridget Victorine GARVEY, daughter of Patrick GARVEY (1858-1908) and Catherine HOURIGAN (1838-1917), was born in 1891 in Casino, N.S.W.^{23 17} reg. No 1891/1853. Bridget died on 26 Aug 1970.²³ 30607/1970 Heart failure. Bridget was buried on 28 Aug 1970 in Catholic cemetery, Rookwood. Mortuary 3, Lawn 3-grave no. 743.^{25 23} Buried in same grave as Edward Arthur Knight.

Bridget was born in Casino, country NSW, to publican Patrick Garvey and Catherine Hourigan in 1891, the 4th of 8 children. Catholic. Known as "Bridie". Bridie was living in Bangalow, noted as domestic duties in 1913 with her brother James Andrew Garvey, a painter. By the beginning of WW2 she was living in Drummoyne after having been married to Ted Knight in 1936. She was a barmaid in Drummoyne.^27,28

11.

Margaret Harken MACDONALD, daughter of Walter Alexander MACDONALD and Annie SMITH, was born on 4 May 1899 in Glasgow, Scotland 95 Kilmarnock Rd., Shawlands District Eastwood County Renfrew. She was a Music teacher. She was Presbyterian. She died on 9 Aug 1927 in Coast Hospital, Little Bay, Sydney.^{29 30 24} Streptococcal Meningitis, Death regn.no. 11742/136 issued 29/8/73, Late of 41 Foucart St., Rozelle. Margaret was buried on 28 Aug 1927 in Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood, Presbyterian section 5C grave 9436.^{31 29 32} Buried 28/8/1927 Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood.

Margaret was known as "Rita". Her family emigrated to Australia in about 1901 from Glasgow, where she was born.

She was reputed to be a beautiful singer,as well as a music teacher. Ken Knight remembers her singing "Where my caravan has rested". Her son Don Knight said that she made a couple of piano rolls for Mastertouch piano Roll Company in Sydney.

At her marriage to Ted Knight in 1917, her occupation was listed as Home Duties, age 21, residence Mosman, according to her marriage certificate.

She died when young of Streptococcal Meningitis leaving 2 young children, Bill age 9, and Don, aged 2. She was buried 10/8/27 at the Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood, next to her mother and father. Rookwood Independent cemetery. Presbyterian section 5C grave 242.GPSLatitude - S33 52 19.683 (33.872134) GPSLongitude - E151 2 58.9429 (151.049706). There is only 1 photo surviving of Rita.

Don always visited his mother's grave at Rookwood cemetery on trips to Sydney.²⁰

Edward Arthur KNIGHT and Margaret Harken MACDONALD had the following children:

12.

Frederick Poole HALL, son of David Poole HALL and Sophia HELLMERS, was born on 17 Nov 1893 in 3 Gladstone Street, North Balmain, Sydney.^{34 34} 1894/4642 Birthplace given as Rozelle in wedding declaration. Frederick was a Bricklayer, Ironworker,Secretary.⁵ He was C of E. He married Isabella Jean MCLEAN on 9 Sep 1922 in Gladesville Presbyterian Church, Sydney. Samuel Brown /Reid/Rev.Charman/C 13360. Frederick died on 26 Dec 1944 in 25 Massey St., Gladesville, Sydney. Chronic myocarditis, arteriosclerosis, copy of death register - No.27774, buried 28/12/1944, Presbyterian cemetery, Field of Mars, informant - D. Hall, brother, Marlborough St., Drummoyne, M.D. - Dr. A. Callose. Frederick was buried on 28 Dec 1944 in Presbyterian cemetery, Field of Mars.

Fred Hall was born in Balmain in 1893, the 5th of 7 children. He became a bricklayer and ironworker. In December 1904 the Hall family, Sophia, David, Fred, Irene and Olive travelled by ship to Natal, South Africa, no doubt to visit Fred's brother Dave who had moved there to find work. Brother Bert may also have been in South Africa by then.

Fred's father David Poole Hall died at the beginning of WW1. The wider Hall family were builders, stonemasons and bricklayers and he found his calling as a tradesman. Fred enlisted in the Australian Army on 23/10/16. His WW1 Army rank was No. 16981, rank - sapper, 9th Field Co. Engineers. He Left Australia in 1917, age 22, for England, to France, where he was injured in 1917, thence to hospital, then leave to England, and returned to Australia as an invalid in 1918.discharge 9/4/19, d.o.b. 15/11/93, (RTA 9.12.18).

He was demobilised in Australia in 1919.He applied to Repatriation Department because of his injuries sustained in France on 17/8/35, and this was rejected rejected 17/10/35. Fred's WW1 notebook had scratched on the cover the names of Messines, Ypres, Armantieres, Pleogsteert,Pascengale, Hemnel and Villers-Bretonnau. There were also the addresses of his South African and English cousins as well as his brothers in the AIF.

Fred was employed before and after enlistment at Tooth-s Brewery as a bricklayer.He took up the cause of ex-soldiers with a passion and was Gladesville RSL Vice-President in 1921 (see photo) and was still an office-bearer in 1938. He married Isabel McLean in 1922 at age 28, and had 2 daughters Jean and Shirley as well as ste-daughter Betty. His war wounds bothered him for the rest of his life and daughter Jean remembered tending to them as a young woman.

Residence.1.: 1893, 3 Gladstone Street, Balmain, Sydney, N.S.W. Australia.2250 Residence.2.: 1895, Cambridge Street, Balmain South, Sydney.2251

Residence.3.: 1914, 27 St. Georges Crescent, Drummoyne, N.S.W.2252 Residence.4.: 1916, Rickard Road, Bankstown, N.S.W. Lived with his mother Mrs Sophia Hall, when he enlisted in WW1.2253

He was Living Gladesville in 1932.

Residence.5.: 1944, 25 Massey Street, Gladesville, N.S.W.

Fred died in 1944 in the family home, 25 Massey Street Gladesville.^{5,14,34,35,36,37,38,39}

Last name

Hall

Service number

16981

Rank

Sapper

Birth year

1895

Marital status

Single

Occupation

Bricklayer

Religion

Church of England

Age at Embarkation

22

Embarkation year

1917

Embarkation date

10 Feb 1917

Embarkation regiment/unit

Field Companies Engineers

Unit information

January, 1917, Reinforcements

Departure port

Sydney, New South Wales

Ship name

Rms Osterley

Enlistment date

23 Oct 1916

City

Sydney

State

New South Wales

Country

Australia

Next of kin's first name(s)

Sophia

Next of kin's last name

Hall

Next of kin title

Mrs

Relationship

Mother

Next of kin address

Rickard-road

Next of kin city

Bankstown

13.

Isabella Jean MCLEAN, daughter of John MCLEAN and Isabel Jane CRIGHTON, was born on 16 Nov 1894 in Prosper St. Balmain Sth., Sydney. Birth Cert. Isabella was Presbyterian. She married James THORBURN in 1915 in Balmain South.⁴⁰ 14598/1915. Isabella and James THORBURN were divorced in 1917 in Sydney. 0088 ,0370. Isabella died on 28 Nov 1987 in Sydney. Death certificate gives cause of death as congestive cardiac failure, auricular fibrillation and generalised atherosclerosis. Isabella was buried on 2 Dec 1987 in Field of Mars Cemetery, Ryde.

"Bell" or "Bella" was born to John and "Jean" McLean in 1894 in Balmain, the eldest of 3 sisters Isabel, Clementina and Elsie. She married James Thorburn in Balmain in 1915. Her first daughter Betty McLean Thorburn was born in 1916, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1917. In April 1917 James Thorburn sued for restitution of his conjugal rights and Isabel was directed to return to the family home in 21 days. This did not happen and a divorce was granted in December 1917.

She remarried to Fred Hall in 1922, age 27, and 2 daughters were born to that marriage, Jean in 1925 and Shirley in 1928. Her husband Fred died at home in 1944 a year after her Father John McLean.

Bella worked at Walton's Department Store in Sydney city. Jean's husband Don always referred to her as "Mum" having lost his own mother at age 2.

From the family address, 25 Massey Street Gladesville she moved to 'Bethel' Nursing Home by 1980. She died in 1987 aged 93.She was buried in the same grave as Husband Fred at Field of Mars cemetery, Ryde.

During her life she was in constant written communication with daughter Jean who had moved to Tasmania in the 1950's. She also visited her Tasmanian family several times.⁹

James THORBURN, son of James THORBURN (1859-1921) and Mary Ann KNOWLES ( -aft1916), was born in 1893 in Balmain. 5178/1893. James was a Boilermaker.⁴¹ He married Mary WHITE in 1926 in Balmain North. 12177/1926. James died on 21 Feb 1959 in 23 Cowell St. Gladesville, Sydney.⁴¹ 1959/7226 Myocardial Infarction, coronary sclerosis, hypertension. James was buried on 23 Feb 1959 in Northern Suburbs Crematorium.⁴¹ Cremation religion C of E.

Known as "Nugget".⁴²

James THORBURN and Isabella Jean MCLEAN had the following children:

Frederick Poole HALL and Isabella Jean MCLEAN had the following children:

14.

William George Joseph KNIGHT,⁴³ son of William KNIGHT and Sarah Maria AIKEN, was born on 14 Jul 1865 in Macquarie St., Sydney.¹⁷ 1865/1661. William was a Blacksmith.^{20 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50} He married Amelia Alice JONES on 5 Oct 1891 in Bethel House, Sydney. W.M. Macky, rites of Scots Church, Marriage certificate 1654 copy 23/7/93. William died on 23 Dec 1931 in Glenore, 14 Rowntree St., Sydney.²² 19350/1931 Heart attack, Buried Field of Mars cemetery, Death after 2 months- illness. William was buried on 24 Dec 1931 in Field of Mars cemetery.^{22 51} Buried Field of Mars cemetery,

William (b.1865) was born in Macquarie Street, Sydney, presumably at the old Sydney Hospital. Tragically his father, a Liverpudlian working as a drayman, also named William Knight (b.1827) died the following day. The baby William was named William George Knight and an additional name "Joseph" was first used in his marriage certificate. Perhaps it was a Catholic baptismal name not used for official purposes. He and all his siblings were christened in the Catholic Church, presumably because of their mother's strong Catholic upbringing as an orphan by the "Poor Clare's" in Northern Ireland.

It appears that William lived most of his life in Balmain. As a suburb in the Victorian era Balmain enjoyed the benefits and the drawbacks of rapid urbanisation. "1830’s - Ship Building: From the 1830s until the 1850s Balmain developed as a suburb. By this time regular ferry connections from Balmain to the city had begun operating, and the reliance on steamers, ferries and coastal vessels for both travel and trade resulted in the establishment of shipyards along the harbour foreshores. Shipyards brought workers, who wished to live close to their place of work. As the population increased so did the demand for services - houses, shops, churches, schools, police, a hospital and local government with Balmain Council being formed in 1860. By the 1880s Balmain claimed to be the leading social suburb in Sydney. Numerous clubs were formed including rowing, swimming, bowling and cricket. Institutes such as the Balmain Literary Institute, the Balmain Working Men's Institute and Balmain School of Arts were also established". However, "by the late 1880s it was apparent that the suburb was overcrowded and badly organised. Factories were opened next door to houses and schools, streets had been created in the most inappropriate places and the suburb went into a decline." Industrially "The peninsula changed rapidly during the 1800s and became one of the premier industrial centres of Sydney. Industries clustered around Mort Bay included shipbuilding, a metal foundry, engineering, boilermaking and the Mort's Dock and Engineering Company works which opened in 1855—in 1958 Mort's Dock closed and is the site of Mort Bay Park. Increasing industrialisation at Balmain created a demand for cheap housing. This was satisfied by the dock owners selling small blocks of land to entrepreneurs who then built tiny cottages and rented them to the workers."

A family story is that William built the house "Glenore" at 14 Rowntree Street, which later was described by the family as the Knight family home, in 1888, after purchasing the land from his brother Edward. That interpretation is complicated by a statement that "he bought the house". He was a blacksmith after all, not a builder. However the land was vacant in 1888 according to Birchgrove Subdivision Plans, and presumably available for building. One way or another "Glenore" became William's property, passed to his daughter Elsie and then to his grandson Ken. It was remembered as "very dark inside". Another memory was that "Jack and Don Knight used to play marbles in the lane beside the house." However it seems that William himself did not live there until 1906. Prior to that evidence suggests that he lived at different addresses in Balmain, mainly in Curtis Road, close to where others in the family lived. From 1906 he had moved to "Glenore". The Electoral Rolls of 1906 and 1913 state him as living there; as does the Roll of 1917, with his sons William Frank, Ted, and his daughter Elsie. He was still living there with Amelia when he died in 1931.

He served a blacksmith apprenticeship at Mort's Dock engineering works and was employed there for 30 years, and then 11 years at Cockatoo Dockyards. His brother Edward, son Edward Arthur and grandson William Frank Knight also worked at Mort's Dock during their lifetimes. "The Mort's Dock and Engineering Company trained apprentices and journeymen with the expertise and out put of a technical College. For over 65 years an average of 20 men a year became qualified tradesman through the company. Many of them became famous and two were later State Premiers" according to "An outline of the history of Balmain". According to William McKell, a Dock boilermaker who became State Premier and then Governor-General, boilermaking was "The hardest, the dirtiest,and most dangerous trade of all". Around the shop "you would see many boilermakers with only one eye; you found boilermakers every one of them deaf" and "it was very, very dangerous; very very hard". Mort's did most of the merchant-ship repair work in the harbour, and working hours were very long and often till late at night. Mort's Dock, named after Thomas Mort, was the first Dry dock of it's size, opening in 1855 one year before Cockatoo island. It was the largest shipyard and engineering workshop, and the colony's largest private enterprise. It became the home of the Ship Painters and Dockers union which was established on site in 1872 and which was instrumental in the creation of what was later to become the Australian Labour Party in 1891. The Dock was by far the major employer in Balmain.

William Knight was Secretary of the Sydney Branch of the Australian Society of Engineers, instrumental in the formation of the Mort's Dock Ambulance Corps, (incidentally giving a speech at the presentation of a Bravery gold medal to his brother Edward), secretary of the Mort's Dock employees committee, a Lodge member for 40 years, and a member of the Balmain Cooperative Society Board of Directors for 20 years, with the last 2 as President. He "used to go to Melbourne with work for the Wages Board", according to his son Kenneth Frederick Knight. He was a Justice of the Peace from 1911. And an early Labor Party supporter, according to family.

Cockatoo Island Dockyard was based on Cockatoo Island in Sydney Harbour. Established in 1857 to maintain Royal Navy warships, it later built and repaired military and civilian ships. World War 1 created a lot of work and 50 new ships were built and 150 more had been converted or repaired by the end of the war. By 1919 4085 people were employed at the dockyard. William worked there until about 1921.

He died at home at "Glenore". His estate was sworn at 657 Pounds, left to his wife Amelia with the sole executor being his oldest son William Frank Knight.^{1,20,22,27,44,49,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61}

15.

Amelia Alice JONES, daughter of Benjamin Gaffee JONES and Anne INGLESON, was born on 24 Jun 1869 in Westbury, Tasmania.⁶² She was a Housemaid. She was Anglican. She died on 19 Oct 1947 in Sydney.⁶³ Cerebral haemmorhage, arteriosclerosis, senility. Amelia was buried in Field of Mars cemetery, catholic section.²² Buried Field of Mars cemetery, catholic section although an Anglican, Buried with William G.J. Knight a/c to photo from K F Knight, and , Ref. letter 1.

Amelia was born in Westbury, Tasmania in 1869. She gives her own name as Mildred Alice Knight on the marriage certificate to William George Joseph Knight and in the birth certificate of William Frank Knight.

She states Launceston as her birthplace in the birth certificate of William Frank Knight. although she was born in Westbury. An Anglican.

Came to Balmain from Tasmania 61 years before death (1886) (age c.17)

Had a job as a housemaid for a Judge in Balmain.

Lived in Rowntree St., Balmain. In 1906, 1913, 1917 and 1922 listed as domestic duties, 14 Rowntree St.

During the Depression scrubbed floors in schools - no dole then

Used to sit on the balcony at Rowntree Street and wave to the tram guards going by, according to Ken Knight.

She had wonderful afternoon teas at Rowntree St. put on with her daughter Elsie. Had "Beautiful china" Her estate was valued at 550 pounds, and was left to daughter Elsie.^{20,22,27,63,64}

William George Joseph KNIGHT and Amelia Alice JONES had the following children:

16.

Walter Alexander MACDONALD, son of Alexander Simpson MACDONALD and Eliza Jane PHILLIPS, was born on 21 Jan 1859 in Calcutta, India.⁶⁷ Calcutta given as birthplace in death certificate. Also gave d.o.b. as 1859 in 1881 & 1891 censuses. Walter was baptised on 4 Jun 1859 in Rangoon, Burma.^{68 67} He was a Chief marine engineer.^{69 70} He was Presbyterian. He married Annie SMITH on 26 Jun 1894 in St. Colomb's Cathedral, Londonderry, Ireland.⁷¹ Charles /Boyton/, Married in Cathedral, Church of Ireland, Marriage certificate extract, Parish of Templemore, County Derry on , 1/4/82 Residence at time of marriage 14 London St., Derry. Walter died on 11 Aug 1915 in Balmain Hospital, Sydney. Mitral regurgitation, cardiac failure, Late of 3 Glossop St., Balmain Sth.Death regn. no. 9411/077 , issued27/8/81, Buried 13/8/1915, Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood. Walter was buried on 13 Aug 1915 in Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood, Presbyterian section 5C grave 9436.^{31 29} Buried 13/8/1915, Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood.

After being born in Calcutta and christened in Rangoon, the next we hear of Walter was that in 1871, age 11, he was at school and living in Forres, a small town near Inverness, Scotland, in a house with his mother, an annuitant. In July 1871 he was mentioned in the 'Forres Elgin and Nairn Gazette' as having received a prize in 5th Class Latin and 5th Class Writing at the Forres Academy. The school was a well regarded burgh school overseen by a rector an other teachers with 146 attending boys and girls "for the most part sons and daughters of bankers,farmers, shopkeepers, tradesmen and labourers of the more comfotable class" according to the Education Commissioners' Report on the Forres Academy reported in the above newspaper in 1868 and further in 1871. The average leaving age was 13 or 14. Walter's father had died in Burma in 1865.

In 1879, aged 20 he was noted as the informant for his mother's death at Inverness.

By 1881 at time of the UK census he was listed aboard S.S. Copeland at Plymouth St. Andrew, Devon, England as 2nd. Engineer, one of 14 crew, mainly Scots. It was an iron steamship for general cargo and passengers (shipwrecked in 1888).

Two years later in 1891 he was living in Glasgow, North Wallace St. boarding with the Sutherland family as an 'employed Marine Engineer'.

His residence at time of his marriage to Annie Smith in Londonderry in 1894 was 55 Main St., Glasgow. By 1894 he was the Chief Engineer of the "SS Olive" travelling between Ireland, England and France. (sunk in 1900).

The 1901 Census finds Walter, Annie and their 2 children, Margaret and Walter, living in Glasgow at Newlands Terrace, Kilmarnock Road. The census was taken on April 3rd. 1901, so their emigration to Australia was after that date. According to his death certificate he came to NSW in 1901, age 41. However the Unassisted passenger lists reports him as coming as crew, First Engineer, on the Ship "Ramornie" from Glasgow in 1902. This was a new steamer built for the North Coast Steam Navigation Company. Perhaps his wife and children travelled on the same ship as it was a combined passenger and cargo ship.

ELectoral rolls 1903 have their residence at Marrickville, Durham St., Walter an engineer, and Annie, Domestic duties.

By 1913 the Electoral rolls list him and Annie at 19 Renwick St., Drummoyne, he listed as an engineer, she as home duties. Sands Directory 1913 corresponds with this.

Walter's newspaper death notice states "late engineer of the N.C. Steam Navigation Company". He worked on the "North Coast Run" on steamships carrying cargo from Sydney as far as Queensland and all ports in between. It was a notoriously dangerous run with many ships foundering in heavy conditions. He was, at the end of his career the most Senior engineer of the company according to Don Knight.

The death certificate states "late of 3 Glassop St., Balmain South". And Sands 1915 Directory has him at that address. He died intestate, estate valued at 153 pounds.^{27,37,56,69,70,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82}

17.

Annie SMITH, daughter of Robert SMYTH and Margaret UNKNOWN, was born in Mar 1863 in Londonderry, Ireland. She was a Nursing Sister. She died on 14 Apr 1946 in Balmain Hospital. Congestive cardiac failure, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, Death regn. 7804/343 Late of 40 Edwin St., Drummoyne, Buried 16 April 1946 at Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood, by Methodist Minister. Annie was buried on 16 Apr 1946 in Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood, Section 5C, grave 9436.³¹ Buried 16 April 1946 at Presbyterian cemetery, Rookwood, by Methodist , Minister.

Annie was born in Londonderry, Northern Ireland. According to the Derry Journal she was the youngest Daughter of the late Robert Smith. She had a Scottish accent according to Ken Knight. She married husband Walter in 1894 (her address given as 14 London Street) in Londonderry and they moved to Glasgow where their 2 children were born.They moved to Australia sometime after 1901. In 1903 they lived at Marrickville in Sydney. He was listed as an engineer and she as domestic duties. By 1913 they had moved to Drummoyne, and then to Glassop Street Balmain before Walter died in 1915. He had been a ship's engineer and would have been away from home some time while their children were growing up. Her interests were Music and gardening. According to Grandson Billy's eulogy she was "a broad speaking Scottish lady who did not tolerate frivolity". By 1917 she was listed as living alone at 19 Renwick St., Drummoyne.

In 1925 her daughter Rita died and she took over care of the 2 children Billy and Donald at Foucart St., Rozelle. Annie was then a nurse looking after some old people, and came to care for them at Foucart St. They then moved (by horse and cart!) to Thompson St., Drummoyne.Then to Broughton St.,Drummoyne where "they had a garden in the Depression." Then to Edwin St., Drummoyne.

Her Death Certificate indicates that she was "late of 40 Edwin St., Drummoyne". This was where her son Walter was living as well. And this was the address that Don returned to in 1946 after his naval demobilisation.

Annie visited her daughter Rita's grave every Sunday, and took her grandson Donald with her when he was a boy, according to Don, as related by Ken Knight in a "Knight family conversation in 1997^13,20,27,83.

Walter Alexander MACDONALD and Annie SMITH had the following children:

18.

David Poole HALL, son of Daniel HALL and Mary POOLE, was born on 13 Dec 1858 in Balmain.⁸⁵ Index No..2393../..1859. Headstone has age at death of 56 years. David was a Builder, bricklayer. He was C of E. He married Sophia HELLMERS on 28 May 1881 in Church of St Luke, Elizabeth Drive, Liverpool, Colony of New South Wales, Australia.^{86 34} Regn. 1881/3656. David died on 15 Aug 1914 in 27 St. Georges Crescent, Drummoyne, New South Wales, Australia.^{86 87} Cacheria - bladder carcinoma, Death regn. no.9900, issued 6/5/83, Place of death 27 St. George's Crescent, Drummoyne, Buried Methodist cemetery, Rookwood. No.242 - Source : Mary Poole , bible. David was buried on 17 Aug 1914 in Methodist cemetery, Rookwood.^{31 87} Buried Methodist cemetery, Rookwood. No.242 - Source : Mary Poole , bible.

David was born in 1858 to the first of his father's 3 wives as the younger brother to Edward, born in 1852. The birth Informant: 24 January 1859, Mary Hall, his mother of Balmain, signed with an X (her mark), as she could not write. He was named David, not David Poole, in the birth registration. He was called Daniel in his mother's death certificate.

He became a master builder and bricklayer.

His mother Mary died when he was just 1.His father remarried in 1862 when he was 4. David married Sophia Hellmers, the 3rd. of 14 children to German migrant Johann Friedrich Hellmers in 1881 at Liverpool, Sydney. Together they produced 7 children, 5 boys and 2 girls. They lived mainly in the Balmain area.

Residence.1.: Bet. 13 December 1858 - 1881, Balmain

Residence.2.: 1883, Curtis Road, Balmain

Residence.3. Sands Directory 1888 has a David Hall,bricklayer, Curtis Rd., North side, Balmain.

Residence 4. 1889 Sands has a David Hall at 203 Darling St.

Redidence 5. Bet. 1893 - 1894, 3 Gladstone Street, Balmain

Residence.6.: 1895, Cambridge Street, Balmain South

Residence 7. Census of 1901 has a David Hall at 58 Curtis Rd. in house of 1 male, 2 females

Residence 8. NSW P.O. Directory 1904 has - Hall David, 49 Cambridge-St., Rozelle, and

A Hall, David, 1 Valley-St.

Residence 9. 15 August 1914, 27 St Georges Crescent, Drummoyne

The uncle of David's father, Moses Slater, witness at david's marriage left him property: "Moses Slater, Gentleman, made his will on 25th August, 1876, indicating he has a house in Vincent

St., Balmain and that he will leave it to Daniel Hall, his nephew (son of Mary and David Hall). He

indicates that, after Daniel's death the house is to go to David Hall (Daniel's son) and to his heirs

and assigns for ever. He appoints David Hall as the Executor of his will."

"Probate was granted to David Hall of Balmain near Sydney, bricklayer, on 10th November, 1893.

The estate was sworn at £200." Daniel Hall died on 17 December 1907 and the house passed to David Hall who sold it to A T Lown in September 1908.

David Poole Hall died of cancer , aged 55 in 1914 at Drummoyne. He was buried in the Methodist cemetery at Rookwood. His wife's ashes were also interred later in the grave.

Newspaper tributes were:

"The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Wednesday 15 August 1917 >

HALL. - In sad but loving memory of my dear husband and our dear father. David Poole Hall, who departed this life at Drummoyne, August 15 1914. Inserted by his loving wife S Hall and children,

Arthur, Bert, Olive, Irene, Milton, Dave, and Fred (on active service).

HALL - In sad but loving memory of our dear father David Poole Hall, who departed this life at Drummoyne, August 15 1914. Inserted by his loving son and daughter-ln-law, Bert, and Winnie and

grandchildren Arthur, Harold, and Roy, of Johannesburg, South Africa.

HALL.-In sad but loving memory of our dear dad David Poole Hall, who departed this life at Drummoyne, August 15 1914, Inserted by his ever-loving daughter and son in-law, Olive and Alex, and

little grandson, Dave.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Friday 17 August 1917 >

HALL-In sad but loving memory of our dear father, David Poole Hall, who departed this life August 15, 1914, at Drummoyne. Inserted bv his loving son and daughter in law, Arthur and Frances, and

grandchildren. Geraldine, Helen, David, and Mervyn, of Newcastle.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Thursday 15 August 1918 >

Hall - In sad but loving memory of my dear dear husband and our father. David Poole Hall, who passed away August 15, 1914. Inserted by his loving wife Sophia Hall, and sons Dave and Fred (on

active service in France), and Milton.

Hall - In sad but loving memory of our dear father, David Poole Hall, who passed away August 15, 1914. Inserted by his loving son daughter in law, Bert and Winnie Hall and grandchildren,

Johannesburg, South Africa.

Hall - In sad but loving memory of our dear father, David Poole Hall who passed away August 15 1914 Inserted by his loving son and daughter-in-law, Arthur and Franes Hall and grandchildren.

HALL-In sad but loving memory of our dear dad, David Poole Hall who passed away August 15, 1914, Inserted by his loving daughter and son in law, Olive and Alex Walker and little grandson Dave"^{34,53,56,88,89,90}

19.

Sophia HELLMERS, daughter of Johann Friedrich HELLMERS and Elizabeth CROOK, was born on 1 Mar 1860 in Kingston, Petersham, Sydney.²⁹ Reg. no. 3858. headstone has age at death of 71 years. Sophia was C of E. She died on 12 May 1932 in Janet St, Drummoyne, Sydney.^{87 31 85 91} chronic myocarditis, Death regn. no. 5833 - 189, issued 10/5/83, Died at Janet St., Drummoyne, cremated at Rookwood 13 May 1932, Methodist cremation, but buried, according to Source : Mary Poole bible, No.242. Sophia was buried on 13 May 1932 in Rookwood.^{31 85} cremated at Rookwood 13 May 1932, Methodist cremation, but buried, according to Source : Mary Poole bible, No.242.

Sophia Hellmers was born in Kingston Road, Macdonald town, near the present Australia Street, later known as Kingston then Newtown. She was cremated and her ashes were interred within her husband, David's grave in the Methodist section of Rookwood Cemetery.

In December 1904 the Hall family, Sophia, David, Fred, Irene and Olive travelled by ship to Natal, South Africa. Olive Hall, at least was still there or there again in 1907, according to a postcard sent to her by her uncle, Fred Hellmers.

In Passport No. 25812, dated 27/2/1918, renewed 19/10/1922 she was described as 61 years of age, d.o.b. given as 1/3/56. In family photos she was pictured in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica with son Bert's family in 1918.

Moved to Market St. Drummoyne, during WW1, after Rickard Rd., Bankstown

Residence 1: 1860, Kingston, (near Newtown), Sydney.1544

Residence 2: Bet. 1862 - 1863, 10 Smith Street, Newtown

Residence 3: 1874, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.1545

Residence 4: 20 July 1878, McDonald Town, Sydney.1546

Residence 5: 1879, Albert Street, MacDonaldtown.1547

Residence 6: Bet. 1880 - 1881, Canly Vale, N.S.W.1548

Residence 7: 1893, 3 Gladstone Street, Balmain, Sydney, N.S.W. Australia.1549 Residence 8: 1895, Cambridge Street, Balmain South, Sydney.1550

Residence 9: 1904, 49 Cambridge Street, Balmain.1551

Residence 10: 1914, 27 St George's Crescent, Drummoyne,Sydney,.

Residence 11: 1916, Rickard Road, Bankstown, Mrs Sophia Hall, listed as resident on Dave [19-1-1916] and Fred's [23-10-1916] military papers when they joined the army in 1916 WW1.1552

Residence 12: 1932, Janet Street, Drummoyne, Sydney1553

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Friday 13 May 1932 > HALL - The Relatives and Friends of Mr and Mrs A E HALL and FAMILY, of Henry street, Tighe's Hill, Newcastle, Mr and Mrs D B HALL nnd FAMILY, of Johannesburg South Africa, Mr and Mrs DAVID HALL, of Gladesville, Mr and Mrs FRED HALL and FAMILY, of Gladesville, Mr and Mrs ALEX WALKER and SON, of Drummoyne, Mr and Mrs GEORGE CLELAND and FAMILY, of Gladesville, Mr and Mrs MILTON HALL and FAMILY, of Drummoyne, are Invited to attend the Funeral of their beloved MOTHER and GRANDMOTHER, Sophia Hall to leave 38 Janet-street, Drummoyne, THIS FRIDAY, at 2 45 p m, for the Crematorium, Rookwood, By road.

"The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Friday 13 May 1932 >

HALL -The Relatives and Friends of Mr and Mrs A E HALL of Rozelle Mr and Mrs J MOPPITT and FAMILY, of Drummoyne, are invited to attend the Funeral of their beloved SISTER-IN-LAW and AUNT, Sophia Hall, to leave 38 Janet-street, Drummoyne THIS FRIDAY " at 2 45 pm, for the Crematorium Rookwood. Wood Coffill Ltd, Motor Funeral Directors.

"The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Saturday 12 May 1934 >

HALL - Loving memory of our dear mother Sophia, deported May 12 1932. Always remembered. Inserted by son and daughter In-law Dave and Peg

HALL.-In sad but loving memory of our dear dad David Poole Hall, who departed this life at Drummoyne, August 15 1914, Inserted by his ever-loving daughter and son in-law, Olive and Alex, and

little grandson, Dave.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Friday 17 August 1917 >

HALL-In sad but loving memorv of our dear father, David Poole Hall, who departed this life August 15, 1914, at Drummoyne. Inserted bv his loving son and daughter in law, Arthur and Frances, and grandchildren. Geraldine, Helen, David, and Mervyn, of Newcastle.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Thursday 15 August 1918 >

Hall - In sad but loving memory of my dear dear husband and our father. David Poole Hall, who passed away August 15, 1914. Inserted by his loving wife Sophia Hall, and sons Dave and Fred (on active service in France), and Milton.

Hall - In sad but loving memory of our dear father, David Poole Hall, who passed away August 15, 1914. Inserted by his loving son daughter in law, Bert and Winnie Hall and grandchildren, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Hall - In sad but loving memory of our dear father, David Poole Hall who passed away August 15 1914 Inserted by his loving son and daughter-in-law, Arthur and Franes Hall and grandchildren.

HALL-In sad but loving memory of our dear dad, David Poole Hall who passed away August 15, 1914, Inserted bv his loving daughter and son in law, Olive and Alex Walker and little grandson Dave

HALL

David Poole Hall

Funeral notice 17AUG1914 late of Drummoyne Sydney Morning Herald 17AUG1914

son and daughter In-law Dave and Peg

HALL- In loving memory of our dear mother and grandma Sophia who was called away May 12 1932. Too Dearly loved to ever be forgotten, Sadly missed by her son and daughter-ln-law, Fred and Bell and grandchildren.

HALL- A tribute of love to the memory of our dear mother (Sophia) who passed away May 12 1932. Also dear dad David Poole who passed awav August 15 1914 Inserted by their Ioving daughter Olive, Alex, Grandson Dave.

HALL- In loving memory of our dear mother Sophia, who passed away May 12 1932 Also our dear father David Poole who passed away August 15 1914 Inserted bv their loving son Bert and daughter In law Winnie of Johannesburg South Africa.

HALL - Sweetest memories of my dear mother who passed away May 12 1932 Sadly missed by her loving daughter and son In law Irene and George Cleland and grandchildren."

Sophia Hall nee Hellmers.

Sophia Hellmers was born in Kingston Road, Macdonald town, She was cremated and her ashes were interred

within her husband, David's grave in the Methodist section of Rookwood Cemetery.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Friday 13 May 1932 >

HALL - The Relatives and Friends of Mr and Mrs A E HALL and FAMILY, of Henry street, Tighe's Hill,

Newcastle, Mr and Mrs D B HALL nnd FAMILY, of Johannesburg South Africa, Mr and Mrs DAVID HALL, of

Gladesville, Mr and Mrs FRED HALL and FAMILY, of Gladesville, Mr and Mrs ALEX WALKER and SON, of

Drummoyne, Mr and Mrs GEORGE CLELAND and FAMILY, of Gladesville, Mr and Mrs MILTON HALL and

FAMILY, of Drummoyne, are Invited to attend the Funeral of their beloved MOTHER and GRANDMOTHER,

Sophia Hall to leave 38 Janet-street, Drummoyne,

THIS FRIDAY, at 2 45 p m, for the Crematorium, Rookwood, By road.

Wood Coffill Ltd, Motor Funeral Directors.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Friday 13 May 1932 >

HALL -The Relatives and Friends of Mr and Mrs A E HALL of Rozelle Mr and Mrs J MOPPITT and FAMILY, of

Drummoyne, are invited to attend the Funeral of their beloved SISTER-IN-LAW and AUNT, Sophia Hall, to

leave 38 Janet-street, Drummoyne THIS FRIDAY " at 2 45 pm, for the Crematorium Rookwood.

Wood Coffill Ltd, Motor Funeral Directors.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842-1954) < Saturday 12 May 1934 >

HALL - Loving memory of our dear mother Sophia, deported May 12 1932. Always remembered. Inserted by

son and daughter In-law Dave and Peg^{5,34,90,92,93}

David Poole HALL and Sophia HELLMERS had the following children:

20.

John MCLEAN, son of John MCLEAN and Clementina HOWAT, was born on 22 Sep 1867 in Lothian Rd., Dalkeith, Edinburgh, Scotland. GROS 683/00 0225. John was an Apprentice Iron moulder.Iron moulder manager of iron foundry.¹⁰⁰ He was Wesleyan (marriage cert.). He married Isabel Jane CRIGHTON on 25 Dec 1893 in Pashley St., Balmain, Cumberland. Balmain North. NSW Federation Index. Reg. no.1894/2180. John died on 13 May 1943 in Ryde.^{101 102} Died 1942 acc. to Source : Mary Poole bible, 4.45 p.m - 76 years. John was buried in Presbyterian section Field of Mars.

John McLean was born in 1867 in Dalkeith, Scotland, to John McLean and Clementina Howat, the 4th of 10 children, father an Iron moulder.

The family (all excepting Janet, now married to James Haldane) emigrated to Australia as assisted immigrants on the ship "Chimborazo" on 5/7/1885 from Plymouth. John was an apprentice at the age of 13, according to the 1881 census of Scotland, Dalkeith, Midlothian.

In Sydney he became Manager of the iron foundry of Gordon Marr & Sons. He was a well-known Rechabite as was Gordon Marr. The Independent Order of Rechabites was founded in England in 1835 as a fraternal society and Friendly Society promoting total abstinence from alcohol.

John McLean married Isabel Crighton in 1893 whilst living in Balmain.

The 1901 census lists the family at 4 Hancock St., Rozelle. NSW PO Directory 1904 has - McLean Jno., 4 Hancock-st., Balmain and the 1906 Electoral rolls has them at 4 Hancock St., Rozelle.

He built 8 Massey St. Gladesville, "Dalkeith", and was living there in 1936. He died in 1943 and was buried in the Presbyterian section of the Field of Mars cemetery. In the same plot was his wife , daughter Isabella Jean and her husband Fred Hall.

John McLean's will and probate appointed Thomas Howitt McLean and John Gordon McLean as executors.The Estate was sworn at 6836 pounds 15 shillings and 1 penny net^{27,53,56,100,102,103,104}.

21.

Isabel Jane CRIGHTON,¹⁰⁵ daughter of Alexander Meadowcroft CRIGHTON and Sarah Isabella CHAMBERS, was born in 1870 in Sydney. Reg. no. 2290. Isabel was a Tailoress. She died on 18 Aug 1936 in Sydney.¹⁰² Parkinson's disease, M, "Dalkeith", 8 Massey St. Gladesville, Buried 19.8.36, Presbyterian section Field of Mars Presbyterian , cemetery. Service at home by Rev. Pendleton Stewart., Died 8.15 a.m - Source : Mary Poole bible, and Hall bible. Isabel was buried on 19 Aug 1936 in Presbyterian section Field of Mars.¹⁰⁶ Buried 19.8.36, Presbyterian section Field of Mars Presbyterian , cemetery. Service at home by Rev. Pendleton Stewart., Died8.15 a.m - Source : Mary Poole bible.

Isabel Jane Crighton was born in 1870, the 3rd. of 7 children to Alexander Crighton and Sarah Chambers in Sydney. She married John McLean in 1893 in Balmain and together they had 3 daughters. Their residence "Dalkeith", 8 Massey St., Gladesville, became the Manse of the Presbyterian Church.

Her name:

She was known as "Janet"

Also seems to be known as "Jean". Her name was stated as Isobel Jean Crighton in her newspaper death notice.

She gives her name as Jane McLean in Isabella's birth certificate. And listed as Jane Isabel, domestic duties in the 1906 Electoral roll.

Her name was given as Isabel Joan? in Isabel Hall's wedding declaration.In her marriage certificate she gives her name as Isabella.

She was a tailoress. During her life she developed Parkinson's disease.

She died in 1936 and was buried in the Presbyterian section of the Field of Mars cemetery. After her death the casket stayed in her residence,"Dalkeith", Massey St., Gladesville for days, according to Shirley Hall, her grand-daughter.

She had an Aunt, Frances Smith, who gave her a book "The Royal path of life", owned by Shirley Cordwell. Cannot as yet work out what relation Frances Smith was^{14,27,101,107,108}.

John MCLEAN and Isabel Jane CRIGHTON had the following children:

22.

William KNIGHT, son of William KNIGHT and Elizabeth LEMMON, was born in 1827 in Liverpool, England. He was baptised on 25 Mar 1827 in St. Nicholas, Liverpool, England.^{110 111} He was a drayman, storeman. He was Protestant. He married Sarah VALLELEY on 20 Jan 1845 in Parish Church, Liverpool.¹¹² He married Sarah Maria AIKEN on 26 Dec 1857 in St. Augustine's Catholic Church, Balmain, Sydney. Marriage certificate 1070 / 33 copy 10/11/1980 - information on certificate from Church register 28/6.1916. William died on 15 Jul 1865 in 13 Domain Terrace, off Macquarie St., Sydney.^{113 114} Reg. No. 1865/781. William was buried on 19 Jul 1865 in old Camperdown cemetery behind St. , Stephens Anglican Church.^{115 116 117 37 118 119} Headstone located by RHETT KNIGHT in May 1998 in above cemetery, south-west wall, near end. Viewed again in Dec. 1999. Headstone is 22nd. stone in from corner of s-w wall. Burial of Joseph Munford in same grave. SAG transcriptions has age 36, No.

October 2025 update.

From modern DNA matching (via Rhett Knight's DNA testing), it has eventuated that William Knight, the first male of the line to come to Australia had a hitherto unknown history before his emigration. William was first married to Sarah Vallely (born 1826)in Liverpool in January 1845.

She was the daughter of Irish immigrants to Liverpool, both of whom had criminal records. Some of Sarah's 5 siblings also had criminal records.

William and Sarah had a child Sarah Ellen Knight in November 1845 and a son Edward in 1848. Edward may not have lived for long as he is not noted in any further records. Sarah Ellen continued the Knight/Valleley line through which the DNA matching has occurred.

Sarah and William, along with another person were both arrested and charged with stealing offences in 1850. The newspapers reported them to be part of a family gang which had existed by stealing for many years .They were both sentenced to 10 years transportation. On 27 May 1851 Sarah's parents appealed against her transportation citing a still birth in prison on 5th May whilst in Millbank prison and that her daughter had no mother to care for her. Sarah was transported as a convict from London to Van Diemen's Land in October 1851 on the ship “Anna Maria” which arrived in VDL in January 1852. Sarah worked in the Probation System for various employers. In April 1853 she married an ex-convict, employed as “boot closer”, George Woods and gave birth to another son William Woods in 1854, who lived for only 1 month. Sarah gained a Conditional Pardon in 1856 after several offences and sentences to hard labour, thence her story continued in New Zealand with further marriages and offspring.

For a period in Millbank and Pentonville prisons William's record stated that he had been convicted “6 times summarily and 3 times for vagrancy” and that his character was “ a disorderly person for the last 8 years, works occasionally pilfering when opportunity occurs”. He was listed as a “farm labourer”. William was then in April 1852 incarcerated in Portsmouth prison rather than transported or being held in Portsmouth Hulks He appealed in May 1853 after 28 months in prison to be transported to Van Diemens Land to be with his wife ( who probably unknown to him had just remarried), an appeal which was unsuccessful. In 1854 his sentence was commuted from 10 years to 7. He remained in Portsmouth prison until 29th June 1855 from where he was released to the care of his sister Mrs. Elisabeth Harrison, James Terrace, Rathbone Street, Liverpool.

The earlier speculation about William's move to Australia is now erroneous it seems, and the question yet to be solved is : How did he get from Liverpool in June 1855 to Sydney to marry Sarah Aiken in December 1857?.

2024

William was born in 1827, the son of a Liverpool mariner who lived very close to the Liverpool docks. According to family sources William emigrated in the 1850's becoming the first male of the Knight family in Australia.

There is no verifiable trace of his migration to Australia, including within a list of "ship's deserters", although a William Knight did desert from the ship "King William" in 1852 . As well in 1852 a William Knight, 5 feet 5 inches high with brown hair and grey eyes, about 19 years old, deserted from the ship"HMS Pandora".

There is no mention of William in the NSW Immigration Deposit Journals 1853-1900 and so perhaps he may have come out as a fare-paying passenger (unlike his sister Margaret who was an assisted immigrant), or as ship's crew. It is also quite possible that the record has not survived.

It seems that after coming to Australia William lived close for a while to his sister Margaret, who had arrived in 1842. In 1848 a William Knight is listed at 955 Windmill Street and in 1861-63 at 141 Phillip Street, both close addresses to the Kempsters. Margaret had married William Kempster in 1844. A compilation of early family names from the Sydney Assessment Rolls, indicating relevant addresses, has been made - including William Knight, indicating his quite poor accommodation.

He married Sarah Aiken in 1857 and by 1863 Sands Alphabetical Directory lists William at 13 Domain Terrace, and the same address in 1865.

William's early working life in Sydney seems to have been varied. His occupation was given as "Storekeeper" at his daughter Elizabeth's marriage in 1883. Sands Directory has a "William Knight, Stores, Wynyard Lane, Sydney" in 1861. In 1863 Sands notes him as a storeman living at Domain Terrace. By 1865 he was employed by Messrs. Watkins & Leigh as a drayman, that is a carter using a dray pulled by horses.

He died very suddenly the day after his second son's birth. Details of the enquiry at the Coroners' Office have not survived. The coroners inquest index recorded death by "natural causes". This was echoed in a newspaper report about the inquest indicating death by "natural causes", suffering "from chest affections for some time previously". The Camperdown Cemetery Burial Butts describe his death as from "Disease of the Heart".

He died at his address, 13 Domain Terrace, Sydney city. See the image of 1886 for a map. Domain Terrace was on the original site for the State Library of N.S.W.

The grave headstone was rediscovered by Rhett Knight 23.3.98 at St. Stephen's Camperdown cemetery in Newtown.

Newspaper notices include:

"17.7.1865: Funeral. The friends of Mr. William Kempster are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of his deceased brother-in-law, Mr. William Knight, to move from his late residence, 13 Domain Terrace, this (Monday) afternoon at 3 o'clock."

"Loyal United Brothers Lodge No. 3592, IOOF, M.U. - The officers and brothersof the above lodge, together with visiting officers and brothers, are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of our late brother William Knight to take place this day (Monday) 17th. instant. Brethren to meet at the hall, at 2 p.m.. By order. James McMenemy, N.G. William H Baker, Secretary." The involvement of Manchester Unity lodge may have helped the family, even with providing the headstone for the grave.

Witnesses at the burial were brothers-in-law William Kempster and CuthbertMcLachlan.

As the Sydney Morning Herald put it, reporting the Inquest, "Knight has left 4 children but scantily provided for".

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Joseph Munford was buried in same grave 13 years later. The headstone inscription, below William Knight's reads:

"ALSO TO THE MEMORY OF

Joseph Munford

who departed this life 4th April 1878

Aged 52 years"

No relationship has been established between Joseph Munford and William Knight. They were the same age. As Cornelius Munford (who had his older brother Joseph buried in William's grave in 1878) was also a ship's deserter 2 months earlier than the aforementioned William Knight, possible "ship's deserter", it may not be a coincidence that William and Joseph's only connection was in their burial together.

Details about Munford are:

[NSW Pioneers Index - Deaths:

Jos. Munford

d. 1878

Fa. Adam

Mo. Sarah nee Castles

Sydney

Registration Number 677/1878.]

According to the international Genealogy Index Joseph was christened on 15/11/1826 at St. Mary Whitechapel, Stepney, London to Adam and Sarah. His mother Sarah Munford was a fishmonger, and she and her 8 children, including Joseph and Cornelius were located at Whitechapel on the 1841 UK census.

Joseph was unmarried and came to NSW in about 1848. He resided in Castlereagh St., with his younger brother Cornelius.

Newspaper notices of the death and burial in 1878 include:

"Munford, April 4th., at his residence, 241 Castlereagh St., Joseph Munford, aged 52 years."

Funeral Notices:

"The friends of Mr. Cornelius Munford are invited to attend the funeral of his deceased brother, Joseph. To move from his residence, No. 241 Castlereagh St. on Saturday the 6th. instant at 2.30 to Camperdown cemetery. Thomas, undertaker, 141 York St."

The Burial Butt for his burial indicates that his calling was "Gentleman", that he died of "cerebral disease", and that he was to be buried in the same grave as 13185, (William Knight).

It has also been discovered that William's wife Sarah's grand nephew William Gordon, age 3, was buried in or near the same burial plot in 1870. There is no reference to this on the headstone. It seems that multiple burials in the same grave were not uncommon. According to Society of Australian Genealogists "after 1867, the creation of new grave plots was prohibited and burials were only permitted by license from the Chief Secretary." And "From 1867 to 1900 there were a further 2,183 burials at Camperdown Cemetery into already existing plots and family graves." The Burial Butts for William George Gordon indicates that he had died of bronchitis and was to be buried next to William Knight's grave, that his father was a drayman, and that his address at death was 243 Castlereagh St., next door perhaps to where Joseph Munford lived 8 years later^{37,110,113,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146}.

Sarah VALLELEY, daughter of Michael VALLELEY (1797-1861) and Bridget MCGIVEN (1801-1853), was born on 7 Aug 1826 in Liverpool, Lancashire. She married George WOOD on 11 Apr 1853 in Hobart, Tasmania.^{147 148} She died in 1893 in New Zealand.

Sarah and William, along with another person were both arrested and charged with stealing offences in 1850. The newspapers reported them to be part of a family gang which had existed by stealing for many years .They were both sentenced to 10 years transportation. In 27 May 1851Sarah's parents appealed against her transportation citing a still birth in prison on 5th May whilst in Millbank prison. Sarah was transported as a convict from London to Van Diemen's Land in October 1851 on the ship “Anna Maria” which arrived in Van Diemen's Land in January 1852. She worked in the Probation system for various employers. In April 1853 she married a convict, now “boot closer” in St. David's Cathedral, George Woods. George was listed as "Married" in his arrival documents. He received his Conditional Pardon in September 1853. Sarah gave birth to another son, William Woods in 1854 who lived for only 1 month. In 1856 Sarah gained a Conditional Pardon after several offences and sentences to hard labour, thence her story continued in New Zealand.

Sarah VALLELEY and William KNIGHT had the following children:

23.

Sarah Maria AIKEN, daughter of Thomas AIKENS and Julia DORAN, was born in 1831 in Newry, Co. Down, Ireland.^{151 152} She was baptised on 16 Sep 1831 in Newry, Down, Armagh, Ireland.¹⁵² Her baptism appears to have been sponsored by a Mary Doran, most likely her maternal aunt. Sarah was a Needlewoman.^{153 154 155} She was Catholic.¹⁵¹ She died on 8 Jun 1916 in 96 Curtis Rd., Balmain North.¹⁵¹ 1916/6175 Cardiac disease (aortic) Ref. letter 1 , Ref Letter 3, Buried with her daughter Elizabeth OBrien at Gore Hill cemetery. Sarah was buried on 9 Jun 1916 in Gore Hill cemetery, Roman Catholic section.¹⁵¹ 1916/6175 Ref. letter 1 , Ref Letter 3, Buried with her daughter Elizabeth OBrien at Gore Hill cemetery, catholic section.

Sarah Maria Aiken (Aiken often spelled differently) was baptised in September 1831 according to “Ireland Roman Catholic baptisms” and so her birth year is likely to be 1831. A birthdate of 1834 is indicated on her death certificate, which was informed by son Edward, and from her headstone. Her age given on her emigration document in 1853 says she was 19, so there remains some question over her exact date of birth.

Her baptism was at Newry, Armagh, county Down., with parents Thomas Aiken and Julia Doran. We have no knowledge of her parents’ demise. However, she was raised with her sister Margaret (Bessy) as an orphan, in Ireland by the "Poor Clare's", an order of Roman Catholic Nuns, at Newry.

The Order moved to Newry from Dublin in 1830 : “by invitation, the Order moved north to Newry. The Minutes of the Newry Mendicity Association in the late 1830s note that care of orphans was given over to the good Sisters. It had been Dr Kelly, Bishop of Dromore who had written to the Poor Clares in their Harold’s Cross, Dublin headquarters, requesting help to deal with the widespread poverty, misery, and lack of educational facilities of his people. Prior to this, it had been exclusively a contemplative order. To the great benefit of many generations of Northern Catholics, the Sisters agreed to take academic training and pass on their skills and knowledge to their young charges”, reported the Newry Journal. “Within a year four hundred children were attending school, and by 1835 this number, augmented by many orphans, had risen to five hundred. Soon a workshop was added to teach older girls the skills of lace-making and embroidery, by which they might earn their living. By 1836 the Bishop was in a position to laud the Sisters on the examination successes of their young pupils”. According to ‘Newry Memoirs’ “An Inspector of the National Education Board reported on an examination of 500 pupils in 1852: “All the classes must be highly commended on their proficiency in reading, writing, arithmetic and geography. Their answering evinced a readiness and proficiency quite astonishing in persons so young.” Sisters of St. Clare.com states that “The history of the Poor Clares in Newry is one that placed a strong focus on the education of women, enabling them to take their role with confidence in society and the Church. In addition to the basic reason for their being, ie prayer and contemplation, the Sisters assumed the following Ministries: Teaching: Primary, Secondary, Grammar and Commercial Schools. Ministry to the Poor- they established a breakfast and dinner kitchen.” Given this strong educational focus and no doubt stern treatment (the Sisters in modern times promising reparations for past abuses, reported by the ‘Independent.ie’), Sarah seems to have developed into a person with resilience and determination.

Sarah emigrated (age stated as 19) with her sister ‘Bessy’ on the Ship "Bolton", which arrived in Sydney 23/6/1853 from Plymouth, England, via the Cape of Good Hope. They emigrated as orphans, and one pound each was paid towards their passages. They were listed on the ship’s manifest with other single young women, assisted immigrants.

The ‘Empire’ newspaper in Sydney reported about the arrival of the ‘Bolton’ ; “The extreme cleanliness of the various compartments of the vessel in occupation of the emigrants, as well as the healthy appearance of the latter, reflects the greatest credit on the surgeon superintendent, Dr. Roberts; and the many samples of needle-work displayed in the cabin show that their time has been fully employed.”

The assisted scheme for the women on the "Bolton" followed, the model of the earlier Earl Grey scheme. Four thousand two hundred famine orphans had arrived in Australia under the Earl Gray scheme between 1848 and 1850. “Behind the scheme to relieve Ireland of its crowded workhouses and ship needy orphans to the colonies was the politically progressive Earl, Henry George Grey, Secretary of State for the Colonies (1846–1852). His vision was twofold: youthful lives spared of misery and the ex-convict colonies enriched with hardy, humble, fertile females. The selection process was simple. The girls had to be young, single, obedient, healthy and free of smallpox."

Earl Grey had originally hoped that orphans would be drawn from pauper institutions operating throughout Britain, although for unknown reasons only adolescent, unmarried girls from Ireland were despatched. Transport and processing costs were shared between the English government and Irish Poor Law Unions. Just as important was support from the colonies to ensure secure and comfortable housing and efficient hiring facilities, once the girls were brought ashore.

Initially the scheme looked promising. Reporting to London in 1848, immigration agent Frances Merewether was optimistic that, ‘provided the Emigrants were of useful description … three ship loads, or about 700 Statute Adults … might be despatched to the Sydney District each month’. With minor alterations and expense, the spacious old prisoner barracks with its high-walled compound and outbuildings could offer ‘ample and most comfortable accommodation’ for the Irish orphans.

In Australia, decades of convict transportation had left the colonies with a serious shortage of women. Teenage girls were vital for raising families while female servants and workers were needed in aspiring colonial households. However, without supportive networks or family, the girls remained vulnerable and powerless to control their fate. Mostly uneducated, unworldly and unused to domestic service, the orphans relied on protective officials to negotiate their place in the labour market. And costing less to hire than more experienced servants they generally found work quickly.” (Sydney Living Museums)

“For all the prejudice, the colonists needed labour and they needed women, so work was found for the girls as domestic servants and as wives. There was probably not much difference between servitude and marriage in many cases but marriage offered at least a chance to 'get on' and so many of them married young. In a colony with too few women they contributed much as the mothers of this nation.” (Shirley Fitzgerald, City of Sydney historian)

The journey to Australia usually took months, and “Before they left Ireland each orphan girl was given a regulation kit of clothing, linen and utensils stored in a lockable box. The girls shared bunks in third-class quarters and mustered in small mess groups. Each shipment was overseen by a surgeon-superintendent and a matron, who guarded against contact with sailors and fellow passengers. After several months at sea, the immigrant ships were towed into Sydney Cove, unloading their passengers on the dock like so many human parcels. The orphan girls, strangers in a strange place, along with the motley assortment of unaccompanied women and mothers with children, were carted on drays or walked up Macquarie Street to the Immigration Depot at Hyde Park Barracks” as described by ‘Irish Orphan Girls at Hyde Park Barracks’.

"No relations in colony, could both read and write", was the description of both sisters as per the ship Bolton’s manifest. Sarah’s occupation was given as "needlewoman". On arrival in Sydney they were quartered at the Hyde Park Barracks at top end of Macquarie Street. Sarah's name is engraved on the obelisk to Irish famine orphans at the Barracks. The obelisk was opened in 2002. It aims to acknowledge & commemorate the large numbers of often young, single women who arrived in Australia & resided at the Barracks during its time as 'Immigrant Women's Depot & Asylum', 1848-1886.

“To manage the orphan arrivals in Sydney, an immigrant depot was set up at Hyde Park Barracks. In its newly plastered and painted rooms were added rows of heavy iron beds, replacing the old convict hammock frames and tattered hammocks. In some areas, ceiling boards were fitted, eliminating drafts and creating comfortable sleeping wards. Downstairs offices were remodelled and furnished for immigration business. While the orphan scheme itself was short-lived - swept aside by popular protest - other programs of sponsored emigration, along with the discovery of gold, continued to lure hopeful travellers, reunite families and boost the colonial workforce for decades to come” observed ‘Irish Orphan Girls at Hyde Park Barracks’.

“It was from there that they were hired out and there was an agreement or indenture for up to three years, between one and three years, for them to go and work for someone within the colony”, noted Dr. Perry McIntyre – (“Irish immigrants from Australian records”)

The orphan girls were lodged at the Barracks. Scrutinised by immigration clerks, health officers and clergy, they shared sleeping quarters in the newly-appointed wards upstairs, before signing indentures for work in the ground floor hiring room. Elsewhere in the building, separate areas were appointed for regular shiploads of immigrant women. Immigration officials saw the Barracks as shelter for 'unaccompanied' females, along with the wives and children of convicts, 'sent out to their husbands or parents'.”

“From the first arrivals in 1848, and for years afterwards, the orphan girls confronted heated local hostility. In the background, moves towards colonial self-government had already kindled fears of a mobbish Irish majority, and Earl Grey’s support for the revival of convict transportation had won him few friends in the colony. Initial antipathy towards the orphans centred on their youth, incompetence, lowly workhouse origins and, most of all, their Irishness.”

The advertisement inserted by the Immigration Office in the Sydney Morning herald of 29 June 1853 for the hiring of single female immigrants from the “Bolton” at Hyde Park Barracks does not mention ‘Needle-workers” among the callings. The great majority are general house servants.

We have no information as to how Sarah lived from 1853 until her marriage to William Knight in 1857 (Her sister Bessy married in 1854). A List of returned letters returned to the Sydney GPO from the country in September 1856 has one for a Sarah Aikens in Hexham, NSW, near Newcastle. If it is our Sarah, then she would have had a work agreement to work at Hexham, perhaps as a housemaid for a certain period of time. She married William Knight in Balmain in 1857, and by 1865 4 children had been born.

After the death of her husband in 1865, she kept her family by making children’s clothing for Farmer & Co., as recounted by family reminiscences. Farmer & Co. were a drapery business established in 1839 which became a retail empire and social institution. Her sister-in-law Margaret Knight had married William Kempster in Sydney in December 1844. This couple probably took an interest in Sarah and her children after William's death in 1865. William Kempster had been a witness at the burial of Sarah's husband William. As well it has also been discovered that Sarah's grand-nephew William Gordon, age 3, was buried in or near the same burial plot in 1870 as her husband William. So the 2 sides of the family were probably close for some time.

Two years after husband William’s death we find Sarah trading as a grocer, at Adolphus St., Balmain, as per the Sands Alphabetical Directory of 1867. The Sands Directories then have her as a grocer at 92 Curtis St., in 1869, 1871, 1873, 1889 and 1901. She was obviously living next door to her daughter Elizabeth and son-in-law, Matthew O’Brien, who were listed at 90 Curtis Rd.in 1892. In 1890 her daughter Sarah, aged 20, was also still living with her. The 1901 census has her at 92 Curtis Rd, with 2 female occupants. She seems to have been living at that address up to and including 1905, when her son Edward, a blacksmith, was also at that address. In 1906 (aged 75), she was listed at No. 92, ‘domestic duties’ with son Edward. They lived there together until her death in 1916, according to Directories, censuses and Electoral Rolls. Curtis road and Short street seem to have been the areas where the family members lived, very near to one another. Sarah’s son William moved from 49 Curtis road in 1905 to “Glenore” in Rowntree street, still in close proximity to his mother.

Sarah died in 1916 at 98 Curtis Road, and her funeral moved from there to the Catholic section of Gore Hill Cemetery at St. Leonards on the north shore of Sydney Harbour. She was to be buried with her daughter Elizabeth O’Brien who had died in 1910. The Sydney Harbour Bridge had not yet been built, and so her hearse would have travelled on the Milsons Point horse ferry, a steam operated paddle punt, which was a vehicular ferry crossing to Blues Point, near to where the Sydney Harbour Bridge now stands.

A Family story says that there was a 'Robbie' Aiken, whether in Ireland or Australia is unsure but no evidence has been found. Her grand-daughter Elsie May Knight reported that Sarah said that she was a poor relative of the 'Guinness Stout' family, a story which might explain why her father was listed as a “brewer” on her death certificate (informant her son Edward).

Sarah died intestate and 235 pounds was declared as the value of her estate^{16,20,27,37,53,54,55,88,110,120,153,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173}.

William KNIGHT and Sarah Maria AIKEN had the following children:

24.

Benjamin Gaffee JONES,¹⁷⁸ son of unknown father of BG JONES and unknown mother of BG JONES, was born on 18 Feb 1829 in Bethnal Green, London.¹⁷⁹ according to prison discharge 1865. Benjamin was a Clerk, tanner, cordial manufacturer, fellmonger, shopkeeper.¹⁸⁰ He was educated at -can read and write-. He was C of E. He married Anne INGLESON on 30 Apr 1859 in Parish Church, Deloraine, Tasmania. Source: Tasmanian Pioneer Index, and Marriage registration from 37/17 , ÊNo. 694, Widow, Gaffer - clerk. Benjamin died on 30 Jul 1876 in Westbury.¹⁸¹ Cirrhosis, M, Death registration N0.774, Buried by Charles Reynolds, undertaker, Westbury, Profession on death regn. - shopkeeper, Burial at Westbury Anglican Cemetery on 4/8/1876 a/c to Gwen Scott, historian, Hagley. Benjamin was buried in Westbury Anglican Cemetery.^{182 181} Buried by Charles Reynolds, undertaker, Westbury, Profession on death regn. - shopkeeper, Burial at Westbury Anglican Cemetery on 4/8/1876, age 46 years.

Benjamin Gaffee Jones (sometimes called Gaffee Jones, with an alias of Bergamus Gaffee, usually known as “Gaffer”) was born on 18 February 1829 according to a Book of Common Prayer held by Ken F Knight, his grandson. Other birth years from 1825 to 1827 are possible alternatives from various documents, however 1829 seems to be the most likely. He described his ‘native place’ as Bethnal Green, London, known as Spitalfields in the 1851 Census. It is part of the “East End” of London, home of the “cockney” and is now part of the borough of Tower Hamlets. There was a vast expansion of London between 1820 and 1830 and Bethnal Green grew rapidly into an overcrowded complex of slums, small factories and rag-trade sweatshops. Having been an area of large houses and gardens as late as the 18th century, by about 1860 Bethnal Green was mainly full of old tumbledown buildings with many families living in each house. By the end of the century, Bethnal Green was one of the poorest slums in London. "Jack the Ripper" operated at the western end of Bethnal Green and in neighbouring Whitechapel. Historically the silk-weaving trade spread eastwards from Spitalfields throughout the 18th century. This attracted many French Protestant Huguenot and Irish weavers to the district. Large estates of small two-storey cottages were developed in the west of the area to house them. The Gaffee surname was a Huguenot name in Spitalfields according to "The Huguenots of Spitalfield."

We know little of Gaffer’s early life, apart from him having 2 sisters, Ann and Sarah, that he could read and write, and that his religion was Church of England.

He first came to public attention in September 1848. As related in “The Times” newspaper 4.9.1848 :

“On Saturday Gaffee Jones was bought up for final Examination upon the charge of having broken into and plundered the premises of Messrs. Kennard and Co., of Upper Thames street. It was discovered on the 29th July that the premises of Messrs. Kennard and Co. were entered on the night before, and that one of the desks in which were a 20£ Bank of England note, and a check upon Glyn’s Bank for £7, and about £14 in gold and silver and halfpence, was plundered of the whole of the property. It was evident that the thief must have been acquainted with the premises; and as the prisoner, who had been once employed there, was seen loitering about the neighbourhood on the evening of the robbery, suspicion was at once attached to him; and that suspicion was increased by his sudden and continued absence. It was subsequently found that he put up at an infamous house at Mile End, where he was, as might be expected, betrayed by his female companion. He had placed a £20 note in the hands of a publican in the neighbourhood, and drawn from it, from time to time, to within £1 of the whole amount; and a person who knew him heard him express his intention to call at Glyn’s bank for cash for a £7 check which he had in his possession. The publican had, it appeared, paid away the £20 note to his brewer, who produced it before Alderman Gibbs, and a clerk in the house of Messrs. Kennard and Co. identified the note as that which had been stolen out of the desk in their counting-house. The prisoner said, he had nothing to say, and was committed for trial.”

Bell’s New Weekly Messenger of 3 September 1848 put it more colourfully :

“Gaffee Jones, alias Bergamus Gaffee, was charged at the Mansion-House with having entered the premises of Messrs, Kinnaird and Co., iron merchants, in Upper Thames street, and stolen a Bank Of England note for £20, a check for £7 and gold and silver to the amount of £25 or £26. The prisoner had been, some time before, in the employment of the prosecutors. – Romaine (K232), in consequence of information which he had received, apprehended the prisoner in an infamous house at Mile-End, in a state of complete nudity. The witness learned in that den quite enough to convince him that the prisoner was the thief who robbed Messrs. Kinnaird- A publican stated that the prisoner called upon him on the 8th or 9th of August, and asked him for change of a £20 note. Witness, from time to time, gave the prisoner money as he wished to draw it, and all he had at present to receive was £1. Witness paid off the £20 note to his brewer, and said he could of course get the particulars. The prisoner gave him a gold ring at the same time with the £20, to be taken care of by the witness. – The prisoner was remanded.”

Upper Thames street is located between Blackfriars’ Bridge and London Bridge in the City of London, near St. Paul’s Cathedral.

On 18 September 1848 Gaffer pleaded guilty at the Old Bailey Court, London to “feloniously breaking and entering the dwelling-house of Robert William Kinnaird and others, and stealing one £20 bank-note, and 20 sovereigns, and other moneys, their property”. His sentencing was postponed to a later Sessions, in October, when he was sentenced to 7 years transportation.

“The sentence of transportation was usually carried out in three parts. Prisoners started their sentence in the local gaol, followed by a period in a convict gaol or on the prison hulks before finally being transported. After sentencing it was normal for prisoners under sentence of transportation to spend the first part of their sentence in the prison where they had awaited trial, usually in solitary confinement. They stayed there until the secretary of state ordered their removal to a convict facility. Prisoners arrived at the convict facility with their 'caption papers' (Which stated the offence, the date of conviction and length of sentence). In the early 19th century, most prisoners awaiting transportation were sent to the “hulks” in London before being assigned to a convict ship and leaving England,” according to ‘Victorian Crime and Punishment’.

Gaffer was in Newgate prison from 18th September 1848 until transferred to Millbank prison on the 12th February 1849, prior to his transfer to the prison Hulks.

“Convicts sentenced to transportation were sent instead to hulks, old or unseaworthy ships, generally ex-naval vessels, moored in rivers and harbours close enough to land for the inmates to be taken ashore to work. Although originally introduced as a temporary measure the hulks quickly became a cost-efficient, essential and integral part of the British prison system. Once tried and sentenced convicts were sent to a receiving hulk for four to six days, where they were washed, inspected and issued with clothing, blankets, mess mugs and plates. They were then sent to a convict hulk, assigned to a mess and allocated to a work gang”. (Sydney Living Museums)

From the 18th century conditions for convicts were very poor: “Prisoners kept in the hulks were set to hard labour in dockyards or on the banks of rivers. Those on the Thames were put to work improving the navigability of the river by removing gravel and soil from its shores. This work was backbreaking, exhausting and very public; convict chain gangs provided a moral spectacle and example for all who saw them. The rations provided by the contractors were inadequate, in that they did not provide the convicts with the energy or nutrition required to perform such arduous work. This was done on purpose – the parliamentary act authorising the use of hulks stipulated that convicts were to be fed little other than bread, "any coarse or inferior food", water and small beer. Convicts frequently went hungry and often became malnourished. This was exacerbated by the fact that there were no charitable food handouts available to convicts on the hulks, as there were in conventional gaols. In fact, visiting was extremely limited for fear that tools used to escape could be smuggled aboard. This regime was so punishing that, after a short time, men became demoralized, weak and susceptible to disease. The poor sanitation and cramped conditions meant that infection could spread particularly quickly. From the first introduction of the hulks, diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhus were rife. The convict mortality rate was exceptionally high – about a third perished in the first few years. In response, the diet was improved and better medical care was provided.” “With the opening of Pentonville Prison and increased use of Millbank Prison from 1843, fewer convicts were sentenced to the hulks, which were increasingly only used for old and infirm prisoners and those in poor health. After 1852, only two hulks survived, and the Hulks Act was finally allowed to expire in 1857”, according to Digital Panopticon. Anna McKay in “The History of British Prison Hulks, 1776-1864” summarises; “When men grew destitute and faced the workhouse, life as a convict was measured out against the negatives of offending. After all, prisoners were provided with three meals a day. They mastered trades and learnt to read and write. When released, they were even given a little money. Nevertheless, government officials made every attempt to make life on board as punitive as possible. After a series of scandals, the prison hulk system wound down and was officially disbanded in 1857”.

Gaffer was transferred on 15th August 1849 to the prison hulk 'Justitia' at Woolwich on the Thames. He was transferred once more on 31st December 1849 to the hulk 'Warrior', and after another two years was relocated back to Millbank prison on 31st December 1851. His behaviour as listed in the quarterly returns ,on the hulks, was described as “very good” on the 'Justitia', and varying from “very good” to “indifferent” to “bad”on the 'Warrior'.

After 2 years and 10 months incarceration he was at last conveyed to the barque 'Lady Montague' for transportation to Van Diemen’s Land. This was one of the last ships to transport convicts to VDL and was a subject of great displeasure to the Anti-Transportation League.

Transportation from Britain had emerged as a form of criminal punishment as an alternative to execution in the 1600’s. “Convicts were sent to Australia to work. Their sentences stipulated they would work from sunrise to sunset, Monday to Saturday. This was their punishment but the colonial administration also viewed it as an opportunity for redemption, as Governor Phillip believed that ‘honest sweat’ was the convict’s best chance of improvement. Convicts lived under very strict rules and any breaking of those regulations could result in punishment such as whippings, the wearing of leg-irons or solitary confinement. Serious crimes could result in sentences to hard-labour prisons such as Port Arthur or Norfolk Island,” according to the National Museum of Australia . The Companion to Tasmanian History states that “Between 1803 and 1853 approximately 75,000 convicts served time in Van Diemen's Land. Of these 67,000 were shipped from British and Irish ports and the remainder were either locally convicted, or transported from other British colonies.” ....As a result the number of serving convicts in Van Diemen's Land rose from just over 400 in 1816, to a peak of over 30,000 in 1847. Thereafter numbers declined rapidly, especially following the cessation of transportation in 1852. By 1862 only just over a thousand serving convicts remained.” The afore-mentioned Anti-Transportation League was vocal in gradually stopping Transportation. “Similar anti-transportation demonstrations were held in Sydney, Launceston and Hobart. An embryonic Australian trade union movement increased its opposition to transportation. Even under the probation system, the difference in wages paid to passholder convicts employed in the private sector and free labour was sufficient to impact on working-class standards of living, and the emancipist population of ex-convicts were prominent among those seeking to protect their interests as freed workers,” according to Hamish Maxwell-Stewart. Transportation to Van Diemen’s Land officially ceased in 1853.

The voyage of the ‘Lady Montague’ to Hobart began on August 9th from Plymouth, and ended on 9th December 1852. Aboard the ship were 280 male convicts, a dozen or so passengers, other women and children, Officers and soldiers of British Regiments, and 40 crew. 9 deaths were documented. On arrival in Hobart Gaffer was deemed to be, along with most of the convicts, “fit for service” by the Ship’s Surgeon, Samuel Donnelly.

The procedure from then was “on arrival in the Derwent convicts were brought before a board headed by the Superintendent of the Prison Barracks, so that information about previous work experience could be elicited. Each convict was then stripped to the waist and any distinguishing features were put on file. Once disembarked, male convicts were marched to the Prison Barracks and females to the Cascade Female Factory. There they were kept for a short period while it was determined where they would be deployed.” (Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies.) The system “was underpinned by elaborate record keeping. Each convict was described in detail on disembarkation in Australia. Thereafter, a summary of every encounter with a colonial court was entered under the convict’s name in a centralised system of punishment registers. Information about the awarding of indulgences and certificates of freedom was advertised in the colonial press, together with descriptions of runaways.” wrote Maxwell-Stewart.

Gaffer Jones was described in the arrival records as: Complexion- florid, head-medium, hair-light brown, visage-oval, forehead-high, eyebrows-dark brown, eyes-blue, nose-medium, mouth-medium, chin-medium, remarks-B [probably broken] left arm. Trade-labourer, height-5’6”. He received a police number on arrival-6541. His statement of offence, as stated by him, indicates a burglary of £88 from Mr. Kinnaird, which is an increase over the amount stated at his trial.

His work assignments began with 4 months at the Prison Barracks, Hobart, now known as the Hobart Convict Penitentiary, a National Trust property. Next he was transferred to the Police Constabulary in Launceston, (built in 1827, closing in 1917, becoming the site of Launceston High School, Tasmania’s first State High School). This alternated with working at the Hospital in Launceston for 16 months. The hospital was established in approximately 1820 as H.M. Colonial Hospital as a convict hospital and in 1854, at the end of Gaffer’s time there, “it was transferred from Imperial to Colonial control as the Cornwall Hospital and Infirmary”, according the Companion to Tasmanian History. This was under the second major change to the Colonial system of convict management. As related in the article “Convict Labour Contracts”, the new system was called Probation and it lasted from 1840 until 1857. It was very much crafted in accordance with new penal thought. It graded convicts by their crimes and structured reform by requiring progression through stages, before ultimately earning freedom. “Stage two saw convicts leave the gang and become Probationary Passholders, entitled to work for payment, which offered a significant incentive.” Like the first system of convict management and punishment, ‘Assignment’, most convicts would end up working for private employers, but unlike on ‘Assignment’, convicts would be paid a wage. This was not a market wage (something considerably below – these were coerced workers) but a notable incentive, all the same, and usually a relief from hard labour on a gang.” Gaffer became a Pass-holder on 11 April 1853.

For his final 12 months he is recorded as working for Charles Headlam, Launceston. Charles Headlam was a pastoralist who had a property “Eggleston” at Campbell Town and who became the colony’s largest landholder. He became a Magistrate in 1847, and later District Coroner. In 1852 he “wrote a letter to the Colonial Secretary advocating the continuation of transportation as he was having trouble in finding enough men to help him run his property”, says the Campbell Town history reference. In what capacity Gaffer was employed in any of these assignments is unsure, however given his forgery ability it was possible that for some time clerical duties were undertaken. His behaviour during this time was not angelic. On 23rd. November 1853, whilst working for an employer “B.G.” at Perth, he was given 2 months hard labour at the House of corrections for being drunk, and for neglect of duty. He received another 3 months hard labour for being drunk and disorderly at Prison Barracks on 19th August 1854.

He received his Certificate of Freedom at Launceston on 5th November 1855. He was a free man.

We do not hear of Gaffer again until April 1859 when he married Ann Ingleson in Deloraine. In the marriage certificate he is described as a clerk. Ann was a widow of farmer Joseph Thwaite, with whom she had a child, Mary Jane Thwaite, in 1858. The child was brought up as Mary Jane Jones. Ann had emigrated from London to Hobart, under the Auspices of the Female Emigration Society, with her sister Catherine in 1851.

In June 1860 Sarah Ann Jones was born to Annie, as she was known, and Gaffer. Sarah’s birth certificate describes him as a “writing clerk”, of Westbury, where he was to live, with one exception, for the rest of his life. The family had a house in Mary Street, Westbury, on one acre of land.

In September 1862 his second daughter, Amy Lavinia was born. However in July 1862 he had been jailed awaiting trial on a charge of ‘forging and uttering’. The victim was his employer James Dean, of Deloraine. In October of that year a Jury of the Supreme Court in Launceston could not agree on a verdict. He was bailed to appear at the next Criminal Sittings Sessions. Another Jury on 1st January 1863, however, found him guilty and the Launceston Examiner newspaper reported on the Session thus:

Benjamin Jones, uttering a forged cheque on Mr. James Dean, of Westbury. When asked if he had anything to say, prisoner said he was thankful for the time and patience bestowed on his trial, but he was totally innocent of the charge. How was he to know the cheque was a forgery when Mr. Harrup, the cashier at the bank where Mr. Dean kept his account took it for a genuine one? Prisoner alluded to the fact that at the former sittings of the Court the jury appointed to try him could not agree, and he argued from this that there was considerable doubt in the case. He had already been six months in prison, and had a wife and three children dependent upon him for support. He hoped His Honor would take these circumstances into consideration and pass as lenient a sentence as possible. His Honor said he had before him prisoner's character as furnished by the sheriff, and he certainly regretted to see him placed in the position in which he now stood. Prisoner was above the ordinary run of men. He was capable of assisting in the management of an extensive business, and of keeping his employer's accounts, and it was a matter of surprise looking at his character that he should have allowed himself to be tempted away from the path of rectitude. Prisoner came to the colony in 1848 for breaking and entering a house. He had his first taste of freedom hi 1853, when he got his ticket of leave, and he ultimately became perfectly free in 1855. With the exception of some cases of trivial neglect of duty nothing had been recorded against him but two cases of drunkenness, and he (his Honor) felt regret that prisoner had given way to a vice but for which lie would not have stood where lie now did. He (His Honor) was rather sorry than otherwise that prisoner had made an allegation of his innocence. True it was that the forgery was an excellent imitation and defied the scrutiny even of the officers of the bank at which Mr. Dean kept his account. But there were two persons who could not have been deceived- Mr. Dean and prisoner himself. Prisoner kept the books of the establishment, had almost daily acquaintance with Mr. Deans's handwriting, and if the cheque was the forgery of another person (for his Honor could not, after the verdict of the jury say that prisoner was the forger), and it came into prisoner's hands, he must have been able to detect it, and if he did not, it proved that the prisoner must have had a guilty knowledge. His Honor was sorry for prisoner's wife and children, but his feelings of pity must not deter him from doing his duty. The crime of forgery was so rife in this colony, and there were so many facilities for its practice on publicans, who in many instances were ignorant persons, storekeepers, and others, that something must be done to give it a check. Under all the circumstances he (his Honor) was disposed to pass a lenient sentence. The sentence of the Court was that prisoner be imprisoned and kept to hard labor in her Majesty's Gaol at Launceston, for the term of three years.

By 29th January Gaffer is listed at Prisoner Barracks but by September he was stationed at Port Arthur.

Port Arthur is now a UNESCO World Heritage listed convict site. It is an exceptional example of the 19th-century European strategy of using the forced labour of convicts to establish global empires. Port Arthur demonstrates to a high degree the adaptation of the 19th century British penal system to Australian conditions, proclaims its website.

The Port Arthur penal settlement began in the 1830’s on Tasmania’s Tasman Peninsula, a site surrounded by water, secured from escape by soldiers, man-traps, and half-starved dogs across its isthmus. It was a large, self-sufficient and isolated industrial complex where convicts produced timber, bricks, small boats and ships as well as many other products, with the aim of becoming self-sufficient. Gangs of convicts were worked as slave-labour, ploughing, hauling logs and dragging carts. “As a place of secondary punishment Port Arthur meant hard work and pain, physical or psychological. Therefore, its reputation is infamous, states “Becoming Tasmania”. From 1833 until 1853, it was the destination for the hardest of convicted British criminals, those who were secondary offenders having reoffended after their arrival in Australia.

From the 1840s at the site successive penal philosophies were trialled, including systems of isolation, classification, separation of boys and men, and psychological terror. Those changes were reflected in the 1848 cessation of flogging and the construction of the Separate Prison in 1850.

“The prison was completed in 1853, but then extended in 1855. The layout of the prison was fairly symmetrical. It was a cross shape with exercise yards at each corner. The prisoner wings were each connected to the surveillance core of the prison, as well as the chapel in the centre hall. From this surveillance hub, each wing could be clearly seen, although individual cells could not….. The Separate Prison System also signalled a shift from physical punishment to psychological punishment. The hard corporal punishment, such as whippings, used in other penal stations was thought to only serve to harden criminals, and did nothing to turn them from their immoral ways. For example, food was used to reward well-behaved prisoners and as punishment for troublemakers. As a reward, a prisoner could receive larger amounts of food or even luxury items such as tea, sugar, and tobacco. As punishment, the prisoners would receive the bare minimum of bread and water. Under this system of punishment, the "Silent System" was implemented in the building. Here, prisoners were hooded and made to stay silent; this was supposed to allow time for the prisoner to reflect upon the actions which had brought him there….. In many ways, Port Arthur was the model for many of the penal reform movement, despite shipping, housing, and slave-labour use of convicts being as harsh, or worse, than others stations around the nation…..Despite its reputation as a pioneering institution for the new, enlightened view of imprisonment, Port Arthur was still in reality as harsh and brutal as other penal settlements. Some critics might even suggest that its use of psychological punishment, compounded with no hope of escape, made it one of the worst.” summarised Wikipedia.

As the 1860’s moved into the 1870’s the numbers of convicts dwindled, the convicts became aged or infirm and the institution ground to a standstill. The construction of the Paupers' Barracks and the Asylum in the 1860s reflected an ageing convict population. In 1863, according to ‘Becoming Tasmania” the population of the establishment was 888 of whom only 100 were convicts or ‘lifers’, amongst paupers, invalids and lunatics.

Gaffer’s record shows that he was kept at Port Arthur for some months as a ‘writer’- this probably means clerical work. Whilst there in June 1864 he was given 3 months hard labour for misconduct. According to the Hobart Town Gazette he was finally removed to Prisoner Barracks and discharged on the week ending 9th August 1865, which was about 10 years from his first release from custody. He was a free man again.

On his return to Westbury he would have found that he had another child to support. In April 1865 Annie had a son, named John William Laws, to a free man, Benjamin Laws. The boy was raised as John William Jones. The family continued to live at Mary Street in Westbury until 1874.

In 1866 Gaffer’s job description on the birth certificate of his next child was “cordial manufacturer”. The girl’s name was Lucinia Frances Jones. By 1867 he had been granted a Tanner’s License, a trade which he might have learned from his former employer James Dean, tanner at Deloraine. He was to be described in documents as a tanner until 1872. He may have been working at Smith’s Tannery which fronted Quamby Brook in Westbury but which ceased trading around 1869.

1869 saw the birth of Amelia Alice, who was to marry into the Knight family in Sydney 22 years later.

In 1870 Mabel was born, Arthur in 1872 and Frank in 1874. In that year Gaffer was described at Frank’s birth as a storekeeper, and his property as a house and shop on William Street, Westbury. When the shop was eventually sold following his death in 1876, it was described at auction as a General Store, containing drapery, grocery, ironmongery, crockery, glassware and produce. It was an agent for a local newspaper "The Weekly Examiner"'.

On 30th of July 1876 Gaffer passed away, aged 46, from cirrhosis of the liver, most probably due to chronic alcoholism. His funeral left from his house on 3rd of August for burial. Members of his Lodge, Good Templars, were invited and that membership would probably have contributed to the funeral costs. The Burial Register of St. Andrew’s Church indicates his burial in the Anglican cemetery. No headstone can be found to indicate the location of the grave.

Gaffer’s passing would leave 9 children, aged from two to eighteen, in Annie’s care. She is listed as living in the house and shop in William Street until at least 1879, and then in a cottage in Westbury Rd in 1885. She moved to Sydney sometime in the 1880’s, certainly after her daughter Lucinia’s marriage in Annie’s house in April 1884. She lived in Balmain with her son John William Jones. All but 2 of Gaffer’s natural children eventually moved to Sydney.

The “Convict Trail” in Campbell Town, Tasmania, was opened in 2004. The scheme involved laying thousands of clay bricks embossed with the names and details of convicts who came to Australia. Relatives of the convicts were invited to purchase a brick, to have it inscribed and laid on the trail. A “Deed of Title” for the brick and land was also to be issued. Gaffer’s brick states:

Benjamin Gaffee Jones

Age: 22

Lady Montague 1852

Housebreaking 7 years

Stole £88

The brick can be seen in Campbell Town^{63,179,180,181,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215}.

25.

Anne INGLESON, daughter of Henry INGLESON and unknown INGLESON, was born on 7 May 1834 in Yorkshire.^{179 200} She emigrated from The Downs, England on 2 Jul 1851.^{216 217} She was a servant. She was Anglican. She died on 11 Dec 1893 in 31 Lawson St. Balmain.^{200 218} General Tuberculosis 5 months. Anne was buried on 13 Dec 1893 in Rookwood Cemetery C of E. Area:zone B Section:RRR Grave No. 920.^{200 201} Informant JW Jones. Grave now indiscernible-RK Nov 2017. Anne had a relationship with Joseph THWAITE. She had a relationship with Benjamin LAWS.

Ann's name was given as Eliza Ann in her son John William's death certificate. And also in son Arthur's. Eliza A Jones is stated on the cemetery records.

The birthdate stated is as given by Ken F Knight, but her Death cert indicates 1833.

She arrived on the ship AUSTRALASIA 3/10/1851, age 22, as Ann Ingleton, trade - servant, along with her (likely) sister Catherine. She had emigrated from London to Hobart, under the Auspices of the Female Emigration Society.

After arrival in Hobart on 9/10/1851 she was employed by Mrs. Parr, Kelso Terrace, Hobart, term 3 months, as Ann Ingledon. (See multimedia window)

Mrs Parr - • arrived 12/9/1847, on ship VICTORIA (cabin) from

Falmouth, Ref. Free arrivals, MB 2/39.9 p.314, or

_ • E. Parr arr. BROUGHAM (steerage), 15/2/1858, Ref. Free arrivals, LSO 92/3 F.27

Ann was likely married to Joseph Thwaite, a farmer in Westbury before he died in 1858.

She was married to "Gaffer" in 1859, with 6 children to him. She had a son to 'Benjamin Laws' whilst Gaffer was in prison.

After their marriage her residences were as Gaffer's . After his death in 1876, she continued in the house and shop, William St., Westbury, until (Ref. Vals. 1885) she moved to a cottage in Westbury Rd.

The surviving photo of her was taken in Balmain (Balmain photographers address on rear). It appears that she moved to Sydney during the 1880's. At her death she was living with her son John William Jones who was the informant on her death certificate.

Although her Death Certificate indicates her burial at Rookwood cemetery, there is no record on SAG Rookwood Cemetery Transcriptions. The Cemeteries Trust does however have details, and although her gravesite is numbered, it has not been found.^{179,201,216,217,219,220}

Benjamin Gaffee JONES and Anne INGLESON had the following children:

Joseph THWAITE was born in 1819. He died on 10 Nov 1858 in Westbury. Consumption, M, Ref. RGD 35/27, TPI.

Farmer, in daughter-s birth reg.

Vals. 1858 has him owning house and land at Mary St., Westbury, under 1 acre, annual rate £22, may be the house that Ann owned after his death, and subsequently lived in by Gaffer.¹⁹⁶

Joseph THWAITE and Anne INGLESON had the following children:

Benjamin LAWS was born in 1799. He died on 1 Oct 1890 in Westbury. RGD. 35/1890/1484.

Yeoman

CSO 87 has a Benjamin Laws as Public Messenger Pt. Dalrymple 1822

Census 1837-1857 has him at Westbury 1848

Westbury - house and land, cottage, under 1 acre, William St. Empty from 1886 McPhail-s Directory has Benjamin Laws in Westbury in 1867.

1861 Valuation Roll has him at house and ground, Dexter St. Also 1862,1867,1868. Not on 1871 Roll, but F.B. Maning Tas. Directory has him at Dexter St. in 1881. Information from Westbury Historical Society has the address as 167 Dexter St.

RGD 35/59 has as death Cert. No. 203 1404 Benjamin Lawes male, 90 years, Laborer, pneumonia, notifier George Boyes/Boyer?, step-son, Westbury.

Hobart Town Gazette indicates a Benjamin Laws living at Dexter St. in 1870 and 188^{183,198,231,232}0

Benjamin LAWS and Anne INGLESON had the following children:

26.

Alexander Simpson MACDONALD was born in 1829.^{234 234} From death certificate. Alexander was a Ship's Captain/ Mariner. Commander, Merchant Service. Assistant Conservator of Indian Forests.^{67 235} He married Eliza Jane PHILLIPS on 10 Feb 1856 in St. Paul's Church, Port Adelaide, South Australia.^{236 237 238} 25/106 Marriage by banns on Registration, but by license on Church document. Alexander died on 22 Jun 1865 in Myanyoung, Burma.^{234 239} He was buried on 23 Jun 1865 in Myanyoung.²³⁴

The first we hear of A S Macdonald is his marriage in South Australia at Port Adelaide. No further information has been found on him around 1856 in South Australia. Port Adelaide at that time was the fledgeling port for Adelaide and a focus for immigrants arriving regularly on sailing ships. The marriage certificate gives his rank as mariner, his age as 28, born in 1828. The spelling on the certificate is McDonald, a common alternative for MacDonald, and his full name is given as it is in various other documents, which seems a little unusual. A well established schoolteacher was a marriage witness, Thomas Dallison. The birth age given on the marriage certificate roughly agrees with Alexander's age given on his death registration, making his birthdate 1828-1829.

After his marriage to Eliza Jane Philips the next we hear of Alexander is at Rangoon in 1859 at the baptism of his son where he gave his occupation as merchant navy Commander, in other words a ship's Captain. He was described as a marine Captain on his son's death certificate. Lower Burma in 1853 after the 2nd Anglo-Burmese War was administered by the British Government. Alexander became employed in the Indian Forest Service as "Assistant Conservator of Forests" based at Prome. He was transferred there from the Rangoon Division to the Prome sub-division in September 1864 according to the newspaper "Homeward Mail from India". It is not yet known how he secured this position or what background he had to suit the position. It is true that many Scots were involved with shipping on the Irawaddy River as sailors, merchants, shippers and shipbuilders. For example, the Bengal Marine became a privatised Scots firm, the Irrawaddy Flotilla, integral to the British history of Burma.

A document entitled "List of uncovenanted civil servants European and East indian in the Office of the Conservator of forests British Burmah 1st may 1865" lists Alexander as an Assistant Conservator of Forests at a salary of 350 pounds, period of residence in India unknown. Thacker's Directory 1866 and 1865 also list him as assistant conservator, Forest Department, Prome-Pegu Division. Until the professionalisation of the Forestry Department beginning in 1866, officials were first drawn from civil and military ranks. The purpose of the developing Forest Service was to oversee the Teak nurseries, ensure their regeneration and to control their exploitation. "The Indian forest Service- its originand progress" explains the historical context. This must have been a difficult job, coping with the monsoonal weather, the confused political and cultural position of forest harvesting, and the tropical forests, where "herds of wild animals roam the forests, in which are also tigers, panthers and bears". Also mentioned in "Peeps at many lands-Burma" are wild pigs, deer, venomous snakes and pythons. There was a high turnover of staff in the Forest Service at that time. The high death rate was attributed to climate and disease. Alexander's tenure at Prome seems to be relatively short-lived, (although it's unsure when he began) as his death was recorded in 1865. It was not mentioned, as might be expected, in 'Burma: Register of European deaths and burials', nor in "Returns of Deaths of Uncovenanted Servants and Other Officers" from 1870-1876.

Details of his death were finally discovered in 2010. He died at Myanyoung (Myan-Aung, Myan-Oung), a town on banks of the Irrawaddy River in Burma, well downriver from Prome. Myanaung in 1865 had a population of 5000 and suffered a smallpox epidemic that year. It had a medical officer stationed there and a hospital was opened that year. The town had been a military base but that was disbanded in 1861 with the establishment of a new police force. It had however a substantial presence of British Government offices as well as Missionaries. Alexander's death certificate states that he died of septicaemia after a gunshot wound to the foot. The "Friend of India and Statesman" reported that he died from the effects of a shot which he had received in an elephant hunt" He was probably buried close to where he died , at Myan-aung. It may not have had a cemetery, and the town was prone to be inundated by regular monsoon river floods and so any trace of a grave is unlikely to be found. Most burials in the area were at Thayetmyo, the British Garrison further upriver. Thayetmyo was a frontier military station formed in 1855 housing British troops and administration. It had a busy cemetery. Very few headstones survive to the present. The British India Office report of "Burials at ThayetMyo, British Burmah and its outstations" indicate that he was buried by an Assistant Commissioner on the day following his death. The "Friend of India and Statesman" newspaper indicates that he was promoted to be in charge of the Tharawaddy Division from 2nd June 1865 shortly before his death on 22nd June. The "Englishman's Overland Mail", quoting from the 'Moulmain Advertiser' reporting on the death observe that "we heartily trust that it may prove a warning to any imprudence similar to that which led to the loss of a desevedly respected officer".

His wife Eliza Jane's death certificate, informed by their son gives his title of "Indian Forest Conservator". Her newspaper death notices also indicate that deceased husband AS Macdonald was "of the Conservatory Forest, Prome, India" . That position was must have been held in high regard by the family as it was preferred to the title of Ship's captain. Eliza did receive some kind of pension as she was described in the 1871 census in Forres, as an annuitant. It is possible that the annuity was from the "Uncovenanted Service Family Pension Fund" or the "General Annuity Fund" listed in Thacker's Directory 1865^{67,234,237,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259}.

27.

Eliza Jane PHILLIPS,^{67 235} daughter of Robert PHILLIPS and Hannah DANIELS, was born c. 1835 in Buttevant. County Cork, Ireland.²⁶⁰ calculated from Death cert. and Headstone. Eliza died on 9 Oct 1879 in 6 Innes St., Inverness, Scotland.²⁶¹ from death cert. Heart disease. Eliza was buried in Tomnahurich Cemetery, Inverness, Scotland.²⁶²

Eliza was born in Buttevant, Ireland, about 1835, where her father was a teacher. We next hear about her at her marriage in Port Adelaide, Australia age 22, in 1856 to Alexander, a sailor. How and when she moved to Adelaide has not been verified, however perhaps a likely arrival of Eliza in South Australia is as an assisted immigrant on the ship 'Australia', from Plymouth 14 October 1855 arriving Port Adelaide 22 January 1856, as a "servant" from Cork, age 19. She was amongst a large number of young Irish women. She would marry only 19 days later .The marriage Certificate gives Thomas Dallison (a local teacher) and Catherine Dewar (her mark-could not write) as witnesses. Marriage by banns, but by license on the Church document. The presiding Minister was Edward Bayfield, described in the Adelaide Directory as an Immigration Chaplain.The couple then moved to Calcutta where their son Walter was born. Walter was baptised in Rangoon, Burma. Alexander was described in the baptism record as a Commander, merchant marine. He then worked for some time in Burma until his death in 1865, and it is not known where Eliza and Walter lived at that time. It is possible that they lived in Calcutta whilst Alexander was stationed in Burma but no evidence to that has come to light.

By 1871 she was living at Forres, a small town near Inverness at the census. A presumption is that this may have been because of her husband's family living in the area. Both of her parents were alive in Ireland still, and her sister in Brisbane, Australia. She was described in the census as living on a pension - an "annuitant". In the house was her son Walter, age 11, a student. He attended the "Forres Academy" school. They may still have been living in Forres in 1875 according to the local Valuation Returns.

She died in Inverness, the major town in the area, Inverness-Shire. Her son Walter was the informant on her death certificate in 1879. He paid for her grave at Tomnahurich Cemetery, on a very picturesque hill outside of the town. Her headstone inscription was cleaned and read for RK in September 2006 - "Erected by Walter A Macdonald in affectionate remembrance of his mother Eliza Jane Philips who died 9th October 1879 aged 45 years". It is a Scottish convention to name dead women by their maiden names.

Death notice in Inverness Newspapers

People > Deaths

Phillips, Eliza Jane, Innes Street, Inverness

Inverness Advertiser 18 October 1879

Page/Col Ref:2G

People > Deaths

Phillips, Eliza Jane, Innes Street, Inverness

Inverness Courier 16 October 1879

Page/Col Ref:8E

The original notices also indicate that her deceased husband A.S. Macdonald was "of the Conservatory Forest, Prome, India^{72,237,241,244,261,263,264,265,266}"

Alexander Simpson MACDONALD and Eliza Jane PHILLIPS had the following children:

30.

Daniel HALL, son of David HALL and Mary SLATER, was born on 6 Mar 1824 in Oldham, England.²⁶⁷ (Baptism certificate dated 4/4/1824). Daniel was baptised on 4 Apr 1824 in St.Michael, Ashton under Lyne, Lancashire. IGI. The actual document is in RK's Hall collection (framed). Daniel was a Piecer,Quarryman, Blacksmith. Furnace builder.²⁶⁸ He married Mary POOLE on 12 May 1851 in St. James Sydney. Witnesses Moses Slater and Daniel Hall 3656. Daniel married Jane FEWELL on 9 Sep 1862 in Scots Church, Sydney.²⁶⁹ 695/1862. Daniel married Elizabeth HALL on 16 Apr 1892 in Christian Chapel, Swanston Street, Melbourne.²⁶⁹ He died on 17 Dec 1907 in Bray, Cary St., Drummoyne, Sydney. 1907/13470 senile degeneration of the heart. Daniel was buried on 18 Dec 1907 in C of E cemetery, Field of Mars, Sydney.²⁷⁰

Daniel Hall was born the 4th child of 14 to David Hall, a foundryman and brass moulder at Hurst Colliery, and Mary Slater in Ashton-under-Lyne in 1824. In his son David (Poole) Hall's birth registration, his father's birthplace was given as Oldham, England, and the copy of Daniel's baptism certificate is from Ashton-under-Lyne, dated at age19, 18/10/1843. By the 1841 Census, the family (less Ann) were listed at Bengal, Hartshead, Ashton Under Lyne. David and John listed as moulders, Daniel, Samuel and William as piecers. Before emigration in 1844 on the Ship "Briton", 47 Daniel worked for James Mannock, blacksmith, Dukinfield.

The family came to Australia as Bounty immigrants in 1844 with all but 2 eldest children, who had arrived with their uncle Moses in 1842. The ship was the "Briton" which arrived 26.6.1844 in Botany Bay. Daniel was described on the ship's list as a blacksmith.

At emigration he had an agreement to work for Charles Abercrumbie of Five Dock, Sydney, for 12 months for rations and £12 p.a. as a farm labourer. Through his life in Australia he became a stonemason, a bricklayer, a "furnace builder", a foreman at Mort's Dock, a builder and a landlord.

Unclaimed letters for a Daniel Hall were noted in the Government gazettes.1843 (Sydney GPO) 1843, 1859, 1860, 1861 (Balmain)

Daniel married three times. He married Mary Poole in 1851, resulting in the birth of Edward James and David Poole. Daniel paid 5 pounds deposit for an assisted immigration passage to Australia for a Walter W Poole, age 32, in November 1855.It is unclear whether Walter emigrated or not. On Mary's early death he married Jane Fewell, in 1862, producing Alice May and Alfred Edward. Much later he married an Elizabeth Hall in Ashton-under-lyne on a return visit to England in 1892, aged about 68 as indicated on his death certificate of 1907. "If a Post Card photo is correct then he returned to Ashton-under-Lyne when much older, as the photo is marked with Ashton-under-Lyne on the reverse side of his photo. It would appear he met Elizabeth Hall there and they returned to Australia via Melbourne, were married and settled back into Balmain."

It appears that Daniel Hall became insolvent in October 1860. And it appears that he spent some time in prison in 1863. "New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930 No 2241 Name: Danl Hall Birth Year: abt 1824 Birth Place: Lancashire, England Age: 39 Immigration Date: 1844 Vessel Arrived In: Briton Religion: Protestant Trade: Mason Height: 5 foot 5 3/4 inches tall. Hair Colour: Hazel Eye Colour: Blue Education: Read Date of Admission/Photo: Dec 1863 Gaol: Darlinghurst Gaol Location: Darlinghurst, New South Wales. He had been sentenced to 14 days hard labour for assaulting his wife Jane, according to Sydney newspapers.

In 1863 Sands Directory has a Hall, Daniel, mason, Adolphus Lane, Balmain.

In 1874 Daniel was living at Vincent Lane, Balmain. "Stolen, between the hours of 10 P.M. the 24th and 6 A.M. the 25th ultimo, from a clothes-line on the premises of Daniel Hall, stonemason, Vincent-lane, Balmain.-Two gray tweed shirts ; value, 15s. Identifiable."

The Electoral Rolls 1873 - 1884/5 confirm Daniel Hall has a freehold house at Vincent Lane, Balmain.171

"Moses Slater, Gentleman, made his will on 25th August, 1876, indicating he has a house in Vincent St., Balmain and that he will leave it to Daniel Hall, his nephew (son of Mary and David Hall). He indicates that, after Daniel's death the house is to go to David Hall (Daniel's son) and to his heirs and assigns for ever. He appoints David Hall as the Executor of his will."

"Probate was granted to David Hall of Balmain near Sydney, bricklayer, on 10th November, 1893. The estate was sworn at £200."

Daniel's drive to prosper was illustrated by his building activity. According to the Leichardt Historical Journal Vol. 21, page 40, Daniel built at 7A Gladstone Street Balmain between 1857 and 1887, and lived there from 1857 to 1887."11.10 Detached house 7 A Gladstone Street (10)

Between 1852 and 1857 Daniel Hall built the stone house on lot LB and lived there, as a bricklayer and stonemason, until 1887. His wife Mary gave birth to a son, Edward James, there on 7 January 1852; the child was baptised at St Mary's, Balmain, on 7 February .226 He advertised the house for sale on 29 September 1857: a four roomed cottage, with garden and well of water ... at present belonging to Daniel Hall; and also a piece of land ... with a frontage of 50 feet to Ann Street by a depth of 67 feet ... apply to Daniel Hall on the premises.227 Not listed in 1888-89, No 7A was the home of bricklayer David Hall in 1890-95. Daniel Hall let the house to John Morgan 1896; then John Philpott 1897-98; Cyril H Sandham 1899; Morgan again 1900-01; Joseph Maude 1904-07 when the house ceased to be listed. Daniel Hall died on 17 December 1907 and the house passed to David Hall who sold to A T Lown in September 1908.228 No 7A had the same fate as Nos 206- 208 Darling Street.229. Description: No 7 A is now the site of garages."

Residence.1.: 1824 in Oldham, Lancashire, England

Residence.2.: June-1841 in Bengal, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England

Residence.3.: 27-June-1844 in Sydney, Colony of New South Wales, Australia

Residence.4.: July-1844 in Five Dock working as Farm Labourer, employed for a year by contract.

Residence.5.: Bet. 1851-1862 in Balmain, Colony of New South Wales, Australia

Residence.6.: 05-December-1859 ; Kissing Point, Balmain (at his wife, Mary's death)

Residence.7.: 1863 in Adolphus Lane, Balmain

Residence.8.: Bet. 1869-1886 in Vincent Lane, Balmain, Sydney

Residence.9.: 1892 ; Gladstone Street, Balmain

Residence.10.: 1896 in Balmain, New South Wales, Australia; Wisbeach Street

Residence.11.: Bet. 1904-1907 in "Bray" - Cary Street, Drummoyne, Sydney

NSW PO Directory 1904 has - Hall Danl., Cary-st., Drummoyne 50 (Son-in-law John Moppett-s residence)

Daniel died in 1907 aged 83.

"(1907)A RESIDENT FOR 66 YEARS - Obituary. On Tuesday last a very old resident of Balmain passed away. We refer to Mr Daniel Hall . He had reached the ripe age of 84 years and had seen Balmain growing for the last half a century. When he located in this suburb, there were only twenty four residents. Mr Hall was well known in connection with Mort's Dock, for many years of its early history as he was about the first foreman over the labourers. He was also we are informed one of the early shareholders. He had retired from work for many years, and of late resided with his daughter (Mrs John Moppett) in Cary Street, Drummoyne. Besides his daughter he leaves two sons to mourn their loss. One son, David Hall is a contractor now in South Africa and the youngest son Alf E Hall , is a contractor in Kalgoorlie WA..^{89,125,129,269,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280}"

Jane FEWELL, daughter of John FEWELL ( - ) and Susannah DORRINGTON ( - ), was born c. 1830 in Essex, England.²⁶⁹ age according to death notice SMH. Jane was a Domestic Servant.²⁶⁹ She died on 9 Oct 1886 in Vincent Lane, Balmain.^{269 281} She was buried on 11 Oct 1886 in Balmain Cemetery.²⁸²

New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828-1896

Name: Jane Fewell Aged 26, of Brentwood, Essex, daughter of John and Sussanna Fewell, living at Brentwood,

no relation in Colony, paid 10 pound.

Estimated Birth Year: abt 1832

Age: 26 of the Church of England, could read and wright.

Voyage Arrival Date: 27 Feb 1858

Vessel Name: Stebonheath.

STEBONHEATH

Of London, Connell - Master, Burthen 1013 Tons

from the Port of Plymouth to Sydney, New South Wales, 2nd March 1858

CONNELL JAMES CAPTAIN

ROWLAND DR. Surgeon Superindendant

110 Male adults

174 Female adults

35 male children

27 female children

8 infants

Source: State Records Authority of New South Wales: Shipping Master's Office; Passengers Arriving 1855 -

1922; NRS13278, [X97-98] reel 405."

info. from Daniel Hall-s death certificate

Unclaimed letters in NSW Govt. Gazettes 1859, 1861^90,273

Jane FEWELL and Daniel HALL had the following children:

Elizabeth HALL, daughter of Robert HALL ( - ) and Maria DEAN ( - ), was born in 1827 in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire.^{269 90} She died on 28 Jan 1896 in Wisbeach St. Balmain, Sydney.^{90 90} She was buried in Pioneers Memorial Park, Balmain.⁹⁰

"He married a said Elizabeth Hall in Aashton-under-lyne on a return visit to England in 1892, aged abt 68 as indicated on his death certificate of 1907."

Will and Testament of Elizabeth Hall

This is the last will and teatament of Elizabeth Hall of Balmain, formerly of Ashton Under Lyne after payment of all my just debts and funeral expenses I give and bequeath unto my cousin Ann Lindly of Milbrooke near Stalybridge the sum of nineteen pounds nineteen shillings, to my cousin Ann Kenyon of Art Hill the sum of nineteen pounds nineteen shillings, to my cousin Edna McLeod of 236 King Street Hurst near Ashton Under Lyne the sum of nineteen pounds nineteenshillings. The Chapel Waterloo near Ashton Under Lyne the sum of nineteen shillings, to the Methodist New Connection Sunday School near Ashton Under Lyne the sum of nineteen pounds nineteen shillings. My husband Danile Hall of Balmain Residuary Legatee and I hereby appoint my husband Daniel Hall of Balmain executor of this my last will in witness whereof set my hand this twelfth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety five..

Signed by Elizabeth Hall the Testatrix and by her declared to be her last will and teastamnet in the presence of us present at the same time who in her presence at her request and in the presence of each other have hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses George Bardsley and I M Fearnley 14 February 1896 by Act of Court..

"Buried near: 8337 - Jane Hall 11/10/1886"^90,269

32.

Johann Friedrich HELLMERS, son of Christian Friedrich HELLMERS and Almuth Margret SCHWANEWEDEL, was born on 12 Jan 1829 in Steinhausen , Bockhorn, Grand duchy of Oldenburg, Germany.^{284 285} burial details indicate 80 years, i.e.1827. Johann was a Cabinet maker, Farmer. He married Elizabeth CROOK on 23 Sep 1855 in Catholic Church, West Maitland, N.S.W.²⁸⁵ He married Annie KREMER on 25 Nov 1905 in St. David's Church, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia.²⁸⁶ 8656. Johann died on 30 Mar 1907 in 28 Norton St., Leichardt, Sydney.^{285 284 34} Regn. no.5308. Senile cardiac failure. Johann was buried on 1 Apr 1907 in Rookwood cemetery, Sydney. Old Wesleyan cemetery section 4C grave 270.^{31 287 220} Listed as Fred J. Hellmers. Same grave as wife, Elizabeth.

An extensive history of the Hellmers family can be found in Grant Franklyn-Smith's research document PDF "Descendants of Christian Von Hellmers".

Migrated to Australia in 1854. Cabinet maker.

On marriage certificate details Johann Friedrich Hellmers, his signature, is marked with an X showing he could not write his name, so he is listed as John Frederick (Herms), a spelling error but would always be known as John Frederick Hellmers now he was in Australia.

Business.1.: 1863, Cabinet Maker, 10 Smith Street, Newtown. Business.2.: 1864, Cabinet Maker, 15 Samuel Street, Newtown. Business.3.: 1865, Cabinet Maker, 3 Samuel Street, Newtown. Business.4.: Bet. 1866 - 1870, Cabinet Maker, Denison Street,

Newtown. Business.5.: Bet. 1871 - 1877, Cabinet Maker, Newtown Road, Newtown. Business.6.: Bet. 1879 - 1880, Cabinet Maker, Albert Street, Macdonaldtown. Business.7.: Bet. 1882 - 1885, Cabinet Maker, Malcolm Street, Macdonaldtown.

Johann bought a winemaking business at Canley Vale and owned 10 houses in Sydney. His property was divided by the 3 sons. Ancestral property in Nth. Germany viewed by Aust. descendants.

NSW PO Directory 1904 has -

Hellmers Albt., orehardist, Canley Vale

Hellmers Fred., cabinet maker, Canley Vale

Hellmers John, grazier, Craigie

Helmers John F., vignron, Canley Vale

"Johann Friedrich was born in Steinhausen, Bockhorn, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, in 1829.

He was the son of Almuth Margaret & Christian Friedrich Hellmers, a Damask Weaver, they lived on a farming estate owned by the Hellmers since 1750 at Steinhausen in the Municipality of Bockhorn in the old Grand Duchy of Oldenburg - which later became Schleswig Holstein.

He learnt the trade of Cabinet Making & later was noted to be a Master Cabinet Maker living in Hamburg in 1853.

It seems there was a form of army conscription and Johann had moved to Hamburg to avoid being drafted into the army, he received a letter from his brother-in-law Johann Hopken, warning him if he was thinking of staying in Germany, he should front up around the 4th of April to the appropriate authority as announced in the public newspapers, and then the punishment won't be too hazardous. This led him to embrace the thought of leaving his homeland.

He shortly after emigrated on the " Meteor " from Hamburg sailing to New South Wales, Australia in 1854 aged 25 to start a whole new life.

He later met & married Elizabeth Crook the following year, on the twenty third of September 1855, at West Maitland, they were to have a long life together with a large family of 14 children & 36 grandchildren.

Naturalization was granted in January 1860, and he took the Oath on the twenty second day of September 1862. (Naturalization Papers of 1860-62)"

"Died at his residence 28A Norton St. Leichardt, Frederick John, in his 80th year^{34,37,286,288}"

Annie KREMER, daughter of Michael KREMER ( - ) and Mary CONNOR ( - ), was born in 1867 in Goulburn, N.S.W., Australia.²⁸⁶ She was a Bookkeeper. She died in 1961 in Newtown District, Sydney.²⁸⁹

"Annie Kremer ,born Abt,1866 in Goulburn,N.S.W. daughter of Michael Kremer a Farmer & Mary Kremer (nee

Conner).She married John in 1905 her 1st marriage aged 39,he was 76,but he died in1907,no children were born of

this marriage. She was Informant on his death certificate, dated 2nd April 1907"²⁸⁹

33.

Elizabeth CROOK, daughter of Henry Patrick CROOK and Mary FOLEY, was born on 10 Jun 1836 in Sydney. .V1836.838.126/1836. Elizabeth was baptised on 10 Jul 1836 in St. Mary-s Cathedral, Sydney. see. R.C. Baptisms 1832-1837. vol 126 no.838. Elizabeth was 1836 - Roman Catholic. 1902Wesleyan.³⁴ She died on 13 May 1902 in Canley Vale, Liverpool, Sydney.^{285 285} Regn. no.5722. Cardiac disease. Elizabeth was buried on 14 May 1902 in Rookwood cemetery.^{31 287 220 34} A double grave shared with her husband John Frederick Hellmers who joined her in 1907.

Elizabeth Crook was the second of 8 children to Henry Crook and Mary Foley, born in Sydney in 1836 and died in 1902 after producing 14 children with Johann Hellmers. She was buried in a double grave shared with her husband John Frederick Hellmers who joined her in 1907.

In 1855 it's noted that Elizabeth, could not sign her name on the marriage certificate to John Hellmers and is marked with an X.

In 1894 she was referred to as Betsy Hellmers nee Crook, on the death registration of her daughter, Wilhelmina's death.

Residence.1.: 1836, Sydney, Colony of New South Wales, Australia.717

Residence.2.: 1838, Black Creek, near Maitland, N.S.W.718

Residence.3.: Bet. 1840 - 1857, Maitland and West Maitland, N.S.W. [birth of daughter Margaret].719,720,721

Residence.4.: 1858, "Victoria Place", Sussex Street, Sydney, N.S.W. [birth of daughter Minna].722

Residence.5.: Bet. 1858 - 1860, Kingston, Sydney, N.S.W. [birth of daughter Sophia].723,724

Residence.6.: Bet. 1862 - 1863, 10 Smith Street, Newtown, N.S.W. [birth of daughter Mary Elizabeth].

Residence.7.: 1865, Kingston, (near Newtown). [birth of daughter Ada].

Residence.8.: 1870, St. George District, N.S.W. [birth of son Frederick Christian].

Residence.9.: 1872, Newtown, N.S.W,. [birth of daughter Lucy - 1872]. [birth of son Joseph Albert - 1874]. [birth of daughter Charlotte 1876].

Residence.10.: 1879, Albert Street, MacDonaldtown, N.S.W. [birth of daughter Marth Eva].725

Residence.11.: 1880, Vine Street, Redfern, [birth of son George].726

Residence.12.: Bet. 1880 - 1902, Canly Vale, N.S.W.727,728,729

"THE FRIENDS of Mr. GEORGE ADOLPHUS GEE are respectfully invited to attend the Funeral of his deceased MOTHER, Eliza, to move from his residence, No. 3, Vine-street, Redfern, THIS (Tuesday) MORNING, at half-past 8 o'clock, for the Necropolis.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : Tue 6 May 1879 Page 10 Family Notices).^34,95"

Johann Friedrich HELLMERS and Elizabeth CROOK had the following children:

34.

John MCLEAN, son of James MCLEAN and Janet LIVINGSTON, was born on 31 Aug 1840 in Falkirk, Stirling, Scotland. GROS 479/00 010*. John was baptised on 13 Sep 1840 in Falkirk Stirling Scotland.²⁹⁰ GROS 479/00 010*. John was an Iron moulder.¹⁰⁰ He was Presbyterian. He married Clementina HOWAT on 12 Jun 1862 in Dalkeith. GROS 683/ 00 0024. John died on 2 Apr 1899 in 31 Weston St., Balmain South.²⁹¹ Heart disease 1899/4647. John was buried in Presbyterian cemetery, Waverley.^{292 293} 1899/4647.

John McLean was born in 1840 in Falkirk to James McLean and Janet Livingston. He married Clementina Howat in 1862 in Dalkeith and together they had 10 children born in Dalkeith before they emigrated to Australia in 1885. The first house built by the mcLeans was "Dalkeith", in Gladesville, Sydney.

On the 1851 census, age 10, he was listed as an apprentice moulder. This was not an unusual age to be working. "A century earlier the boys often started much younger. In 1842 the Children

Employment Commission (East Scotland) included a number of local boys in its report and here is an example:

John Sutherland, 14 years old, moulder at Carron Iron Works:

“Father brought me to the foundry when I was eight years of age; was first at the dressing, am now at the moulding and bound to the company for 12 years; am turned over to father for 5 years. I do not dislike the work; we have enough of it, both brother and I start together at 5, and sometimes 6, in the morning and lay by at 5 and 6 at night, whiles later. Get porridge

brought in the morning at 8 oclock; am not long eating it, as work will not admit; dines at 1, on tatoes and herring, or kail; does not rest long, perhaps 20 minutes or so.” [Reads badly and very deficient; says he goes to night school at times.]"

Falkirk was an iron moulding town and the saying "Iron made Falkirk and Falkirk made iron" is told in an article in the Falkirk Herald in 2018. "It all started, of course, with the arrival of Carron Iron Works in 1759 but, as Brian Watters reminded us at the official opening last Saturday, the company made more than cast iron." "It produced a succession of men who learned not only the skills of patternmaking and moulding but how to source raw materials, find and train skilled workers, locate markets and service them at a profit. "

On the 1881 census (4/4/1881) the family (not yet including Clementina Jnr.) were living in Thorburns Buildings, Buccleuch St., Dalkeith. Dalkeith was a small town about 10km from Edinburgh.

The family (all excepting Janet, now married to James Haldane) emigrated as assisted immigrants on the ship -"Chimborazo"- 5/7/ 1885 from Plymouth.

Film 2143 Assisted Immigrants Sydney 1838-1896

SS -Chimborazo-

Family:

Immigration Board's Records - Film 2496

General Assisted Families

Amount paid to Agent-General for passage

John McLean £4

Clementina £2

others £1

Relations in Colony : Daughter & s Katoomba

Name Age Calling Native Place Religion Read or write

General assisted singlemen

N0. 5872

McLean

James 22 labourer

John 17 ditto

General assisted singlewomen

No. 5873

McLean Marion 21 domestic £2

Annie 15 ditto £2

Hannah 12 scholar £1

McLean

John 40 Labourer Stirling Presby Yes

Clementina 40 Ayr ditto ditto

Catherine 10 school Midlothian ditto ditto

Thomas 7 ditto ditto ditto ditto

Swinton 5 ditto ditto No

Clementina 3 ditto ditto ditto

Single women

Marion 21 domestic Edinburgh Presby Yes

Annie 15 - ditto ditto ditto

Hannah 12 - ditto ditto ditto

Single men

James 22 - Midlothian Presby Yes

John 17 - ditto ditto ditto

Departure Plymouth 19.5.85

Arrival Sydney 5.7.85

47 days

1 birth

7 deaths

John McLean is buried at Waverley cemetery with wife and daughter Clementina H(owat?)^{100,104,291,294,295,296,297,298}

35.

Clementina HOWAT, daughter of Thomas HOWAT and Ann HOGG, was born in 1841 in Catrine, Scotland.^{293 294} Although headstone says -Catherine-. Clementina was a Domestic servant. She died in 1909 in Balmain south. 1909/563. Clementina was buried on 17 Jan 1909 in Waverley, Sydney.^{292 293}

Clementina was born to Thomas Howat and Ann Hogg in Catrine in 1841. The family was listed at Sorn in 1851 census, but were in West Dalkeith, after the death of her mother by the 1861 census. John McLean was listed in the same house in 1861. After marriage to him in 1862 the census of 1871 lists the family in Lothian Road, Dalkeith with 5 children aged from 8 to 1. By the 1881 census they were living in Buccleuch Street Edinburgh with 9 children from 18 to 1, 4 of whom were working working. Clementina emigrated with her family to Australia in 1885, after producing 10 children.

In the 1901 census they were listed at 31 Weston Rd., Balmain, with another 1 male, 1 female in the house.

She died in 1909 and was buried in Waverley cemetery^{53,69,260,294,299}.

John MCLEAN and Clementina HOWAT had the following children:

38.

William KNIGHT,^{150 309} son of Daniel KNIGHT and Margaret WILLIAMS, was born on 20 Sep 1789 in St. Nicholas, Liverpool, England. He was baptised on 24 Nov 1789 in St. Nicholas. He was a Mariner. He married Elizabeth LEMMON on 1 Apr 1820 in St. Peter's Church, Church St., Liverpool, England.^{310 311} by Banns.

There existed a number of people by the name of William Knight in Liverpool between 1800 and the late 1800's and it has been difficult to reliably identify William and his family, particularly in the early 1800's. However some facts exist. Crosbie St., Liverpool was given as the residence and William's occupation was given as mariner in all of the children's baptisms, over 10 years, 1820-1830. neither he nor his wife could write, evidenced by their signing the marriage document with a cross. And William was alive in 1842 as daughter Margaret's immigration documents indicate. Other information is less reliable.

We do know that, living in housing in Wapping by the Liverpool docks was very basic, unsanitary and rough. A later description is "In 1803, the whole district as far as Parliament Street, and beyond, was covered with streets, and to a great extent with houses. The bane of Liverpool, the erection of narrow unwholesome court-houses was here suffered to a most pernicious extent. Various changes have taken place and much of the property has been removed for commercial purposes and public improvements, but the original vice still clings to the locality, rendering almost abortive the adoption of effectual sanitary measures". Crosbie Street maps show Roperies (rope works) adjacent to street in 1801. "Crosbie Street is the site of the ropery of Messrs. Crosbies and Siddalls." By the 1833 maps Crosbie Street, in the Wapping area of Liverpool docks, had been converted to a goods train station. "The construction of the Wapping railway tunnel commenced in 1827 and encompassed Crosbie Street as an end terminal of the famous Liverpool to Manchester Railway Line. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway began in Liverpool at Wapping, very near to the Queen's Dock. A part of it extended to Crosbie Street and ended at the junction of Liverpool Road and Water Street in Manchester at the terminus (passenger station at the end of the line). The original goods station was built at Wapping Station opposite the Kings Dock in Liverpool and was connected to the main line of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway." William's son William was born in 1827 and George in 1830, residence Crosbie Street, adjacent to this construction, presumably. "The Railway Station, now extending from Wapping to Park Railway Lane along Crosbie Street, was established after the tunnel was st constructed in 1831. From its modest commencement it has gradually enlarged its borders to its present gigantic dimensions. "(1875). Crosbie street had disappeared under Wapping Goods station, but reappears as Kings Dock Street in the present day.

Another major event which may have affected this family was Cholera. "Asiatic cholera reached Britain for the first time in late 1831, with the main epidemic occurring during 1832. The disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. There was widespread public fear, and the political and medical response to this new disease was variable and inadequate."A cholera epidemic was evident again in 1849 and crosbie Street was heavily infected.Living in court housing was very unsanitary and Crocbie Street in 1849 had 24 courts in a short street. An article "The court and cellar dwelling: The 18th century origin of the Liverpool slum" focuses on Crosbie Street, where the Knight children were born. "The courts on this street are fairly typical of those added in the areas of working-class accretion during the 1780s. Crosbie Street has been selected for this reason and because of its reputation for a degree of squalor and immorality which singled it out for mention on several occasions during the public health agitation of the 1840s. " Sanitary provision was minimal even eighty years after construction (Table II), there being on average one privy to six houses (Figure 10). The privies listed in 1863 were earth middens and not water closets, there being few street sewers until the 1850s. Furthermore, the front houses were without yards and the inhabitants of these houses had to use the privies and ashpits of courts. As the council did not take on the responsibility of court cleansing until 1846, the state of these areas which served between 60 and 100 people can be appreciated only by reading the eye- (and nose-!) witness accounts of the middle-class visitors. Cleansing even by the inhabitants was made almost impossible by the lack of paving, the ground consisting of earth or cinders."

And regarding population density "At the microlevel these densities can be translated into yards per person and in 1841 Fir Court, containing 118 inhabitants, had 1,1/3 square yards per person and Oak Court 1,1/4 square yards per person."

The 1841 census does not indicate that the family were living together anywhere in Liverpool, although various names of family members are scattered amongst other families. No verifiable information, however.

Liverpool census in 1851 has a William Knight,lodger at Frederick St., Court 25. He is a mariner, a widower, born Liverpool,age 60 or possibly 40. Living with 2 mariners wives and their 2 children. If it is our William Knight, then his wife has died or something else between 1830 and 1851, and William was born around 1791.^{129,312,313,314,315,316,317,318},

46.

Robert PHILLIPS was born in 1808.¹⁷⁵ estimated. Robert was a Teacher.^{323 324 325} He died on 9 Aug 1873 in Carrignavar, County Cork, Ireland aged 65.^{175 326 327 328 329} He died. He married Hannah DANIELS.

According to a report on education in Ireland, Robert and his wife were teaching about 70 students in a Parish Day school at Buttevant (Province of Cashel, Diocese of Cloyne, Benefice of Buttevant) in about 1834. The school was supported by the Kildare Street Society and the London Ladies' Hibernian Society and by local contributions. Annual donation from Lords Doneraile and Arden. A schoolhouse was provided by the local Minister, The Rev. Dr. Cotter {Vicar to the Garrison at Buttevant) and a Colonel Hill. Subjects taught were reading, writing, arithmetic, bookkeeping, mensuration, geography, grammar and needlework. In 1833 at Cork Assizes Robert Philips and Rev. Cotter were witnesses at a prosecution for vagrancy.

By 1843 the Vicar, J.L. Cotter was paying, from his varied income, 2 pounds per annum to the parochial schoolmaster, Robert.

In 1846 Robert was the schoolmaster of the parish school at Newmarket, a small town 38miles north-west of cork city. Heappears to have moved to Carricknavar, a village 8km. outside of Cork, by 1847, as "Griffith's Valuations" locate him there in 1847 and 1850. He was occupying a house and garden, as well as the "Church Education Society's school-house", so he must have continued his teaching. In 1852 the Valuations describe him as "the Parish Clerk". The land valuations show him in a house and garden adjoining a Church and the Church Education School. The property was rent-free and Robert was teacher of the male school and a Mrs.White teacher of the Female School.

He died in Carricknavar in 1873, intestate, with effects under 100 pounds value. Robert's cause of death was "ramolissement" or softening of the brain.

He is most likely buried in Dunbollogue graveyard, close to Carricknavar^{323,324,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335}.

47.

Hannah DANIELS³²⁷ was born in 1804 in Innishannon, Ireland.³³⁶ She died on 11 Oct 1882 in Cork, Ireland.³³⁷ She was buried in 1882 in St. Finnbar's, Cork. Sec H, Row 13, Grave 3.^{337 336} Cause of death: Natural Decay

Age: 78 Years.

Hannah was born in Innishannon, Cork, in the Protestant faith. According to a report on education in Ireland, Robert and Hannah were teaching about 70 students in a Parish Day school at Buttevant (Province of Cashel, Diocese of Cloyne, Benefice of Buttevant) in about 1834. The school was supported by the Kildare Street Society and the London Ladies' Hibernian Society, by local contributions and an annual donation from Lords Doneraile and Arden. A schoolhouse was provided by the local Minister, The Rev. Dr. Cotter and a Colonel Hill. Subjects taught were reading, writing, arithmetic, bookkeeping, mensuration, geography, grammar and needlework. By 1843 the Vicar, J.L. Cotter was paying, from his varied income, 2 pounds per annum to the parochial schoolmaster.

At her husband's death, or shortly after, Hannah was living at 17 Thomas Street, Cork, according to his will administration and the burial details.

Hannah's name is on her daughter Eliza's death certificate, informed by Walter Alexander Macdonald^{324,327,330,332,336}.

Robert PHILLIPS and Hannah DANIELS had the following children:

48.

David HALL, son of John HALL and Martha SMITH, was born on 20 Jan 1799.²⁶⁸ He was baptised on 3 Mar 1799 in Smallshaw, Ashton under Lyne, Lancashire, England. IGI see RK genealogy indexes. David was a Moulder-blacksmith, brass moulder, collier.⁸⁹ He was Protestant - episcopalian.²⁶⁸ He married Mary SLATER on 23 May 1819 in Manchester, England. IGI. David died on 11 Jul 1882.³⁷ He was buried on 13 Jul 1882 in Balmain Cemetery, Balmain. see memo.^{341 117 37} 2720/1882. Memorial moved to St. Stephen's Newtown.

David Hall was born in 1799 at Ashton-under-Lyne to John Hall, a farmer, and Martha Smith, the first of 7 children. He married Mary Slater in Manchester and together they had 13 children of their own.

He was a foundryman, his son Daniel's baptism certificate giving his abode as Hurst, Aston-under-Lyne. In 1819 the residence of family was given as Botany, A-U-L. By 1820 he was living at Hurst as a Collier. By 1822 at Hurst as a Foundry Man.and by 1826 at Hurst as a Brass Moulder. By 1832 the address was Green Acres Moor, Brass Moulder. In 1841 Census the family (less Ann) were listed at Bengal, Hartshead, Ashton-Under-Lyne, with David and John as moulders, Daniel, Samuel and William as piecers. A description of the area where David Hall and Mary Slater lived in 1832 in Bengal Lane as written as a recollection in 1903 indicating the effect of the Mills on a once rural environment. Before emigration David worked for James Mannock, blacksmith, Dukinfield. A Pigot Directory of 1841 has 'Higgins and Mannock, Steam Engine Makers, Dukinfield' . Slater's Directory 1876 says "King St. Dukinfield".

In the Immigration documents he was called a blacksmith ("can shoe horses").

The family ame to Australia as Bounty immigrants in 1844 with all but 2 eldestchildren, who had arrived with their uncle Moses in 1842. The Bounty Scheme ran from 1832 to 1845 and under this scheme recruiting agents in Britain were paid a bounty to find skilled labour and tradespeople whom they sponsored and shipped to N.S.W., later being reimbursed by the colonial government who financed the scheme with proceeds from land sales in the colony. The adult bounty in the Briton's case was Pounds 18/7/6 and the bounty for a child was Pounds 9/3/9. Details from microfilm:

Ship -Briton- arrived 26.6.1844 Botany Bay

147 Contractor WM. Smith & Sons

Surgeon Supt. Charles Carpenter

Master : Hall

David Blacksmith, Mary houseservant. Daniel blacksmith,Samuel labourer, David labourer. All protestant. David senior very deaf as a result of an accident 14 years ago, increased by cold.

On the voyage David Senior was given charge of 3 young women until they were provided for in NSW.

David had an agreement to work for James Clayton of Balmain as a blacksmith for 6 months for £1/5s. per week

Entries for J. Clayton:

1861 Clayton, J. Blacksmith, George St., Balmain

Clayton, J. 28 Elizabeth Place, Balmain

1863 Clayton, J. Blacksmith, George St., Balmain

1863 Hall, David Brass Moulder, Darling St., Balmain ) Could possibly be son David.

1864 Hall, David Brass Moulder, Darling St., Balmain )"

Unclaimed letters in NSW Govt. Gazettes for a David Hall 1846, 1849. He Also signed a petition (Balmain) 1859.

According to Grant Franklyn-Smith's research "The Hall family settled in Balmain not far from James Slater.[David's father-in-law] In fact as James Slater was building a house in 1844 on the site of 17 Duke Street, the Hall family probably lived next door in the house that James built. However I haven't located them next door though they were certainly in Balmain. There were no numbers to the houses in the early years. Next door to James house in Duke St. was "Dale Cottage" which members of the family occasionally I thought rented. Early days this cottage was owned by the Dales - "Mrs. Dale, Dressmaker" and son. James Hilton [David's brother-in-law] and family were living in it for a while (1869-1873) but by 1886 "Mrs. Wheeler" has it. I guess there is nothing to say that James didn't build the house but I don't think he owned it. All records from 1888 record the house they own as 19 Duke St. James Slater left it to his daughter Esther, who left it to her daughter-in law, Jane Hilton. There was no disposal of a second house in the wills. Jane paid the rates for 19 Duke St. in 1908 according to the Balmain rate books but by 1919 the street numbering has changed and she now pays the rates for 17 Duke St."

Electoral rolls have a David Hall freehold Balmain in 1853-54. It seems that David Hall rapidly became a landowner and builder in Balmain, buying land lots in the "Waterview Estate". He bought and built in Darling Street, Balmain, according to the Leichardt Historical Journal, in 1845, 1860 and 1861. Obviously a reputable character he and Moses Slater [a brother-in-law] were named as trustees for other property.

David died in 1882, aged 83, at Darling St., Balmain of "senile marasmus" He was buried at Balmain cemetery on 13 July 1882, 2 months after his wife Mary. The headstone of David and Mary was moved to St. Stephen's cemetery in Newtown in 1942 at the conversion of Balmain cemetery to a park. Son James was also on the same headstone. "Prior to the conversion and preparation of the cemetery as a park, Leichhardt Council advertised its intentions to remove the headstones and grave enclosures. Relatives of the people buried in the cemetery were given time to arrange reinterment. " according to the Leichardt Council. Only 14 headstones were removed to Camperdown, so the family must have paid for this.

Sydney Morning Herald: Funerals p.12

"The friends of the late Mr. David Hall are respectfully invited to attend his funeral; to move from his late residence, Darling St. Balmain tomorrow (Thursday) morning at nine o'clock, and proceed to Balmain cemetery. WH Wood and Son, undertakers,

807 George St. south, and at Darling St. Balmain.^{37,89,90,123,129,267,268,272,273,342,343,344,345,346,347}"

49.

Mary SLATER, daughter of James SLATER and Mary MAYALL, was born on 28 Jan 1800 in Mossley, Ashton under Lyne, Lancashire.^{348 349} She was baptised on 23 Mar 1800 in Mossley.³⁴⁹ She was a House servant.²⁶⁸ She was Episcopalian. She died on 15 May 1882 in Darling Street, Balmain.³⁷ 1882/2671 inflammation of lungs. Mary was buried on 17 May 1882 in Balmain Cemetery, C of E, -see memo.^{341 37} Memorial moved to St. Stephen's Newtown.

Parents both alive at Marys emigration in 1844

1853 She paid £26 towards the passage and £10 for emigrants benefit for:-

Esther Hilton (widow) 48 (sister)

James Hilton 21 (nephew)

Martha Hilton 23 (niece)

Maria Pickering 21 (niece)

James Pickering 19 (nephew)

Mary Pickering 15 (niece)

"17.5.1882 Funerals

The remains of Mary Hall, beloved wife of Mr. David Hall Senr., will leave her late residence, Darling St., Balmain, this morning, 17th instant, at half past eight o'clock, and proceed to Balmain cemetery. Mrs. Thomas and sons, undertakers, 111 York St." The headstone of David and Mary was moved to St. Stephen's cemetery in Newtown in 1942 at the conversion of Balmain cemetery to a park. Son James was also on the same headstone^37,349.

David HALL and Mary SLATER had the following children:

51.

Christian Friedrich HELLMERS, son of Christian Friedrich HELLMERS and Sophia Elisabeth JURGENS, was born on 15 Oct 1782 in Steinhausen, Bockhorn Municipality, Germany.²⁸⁴ He was a Damask weaver.²⁸⁹ He married Almuth Margret SCHWANEWEDEL on 20 Dec 1807 in Steinhausen, Bockhorn Municipality, Schleswig Holstein, Germany.²⁸⁴ He died on 4 Jun 1854 in Steinhausen, Bockhorn Municipality, Germany.²⁸⁴

An extensive history of the Hellmers family can be found in Grant Franklyn-Smith's research document PDF "Descendants of Christian Von Hellmers".

Damask weaver

"There are no Hellmers listed as living in the Municipality of Bockhorn area in 1786, as are the Schwanewedel family (Johann a Cobler, Marten a Barrel-maker both of Steinhausen & Heinrich also a Barrel-maker from Bockhorn)."^285,286

52.

Almuth Margret SCHWANEWEDEL,²⁸⁵ daughter of Gerd SCHWANEWEDEL and Almuth LUBBERS, was born on 12 Feb 1789 in Steinhausen.²⁸⁴ She died on 21 Feb 1842 in Steinhausen.²⁸⁴ She and Christian Friedrich HELLMERS had the following children:

54.

Mary FOLEY, daughter of Patrick FOLEY, was born in 1807 in Limerick, Ireland.²⁸⁵ She was a Convict. Maid. She was R.C.²⁸⁶ She died on 26 Jun 1898 in Newington Asylum, Sydney. Reg. no. 5554. Senile marasmus. Exhaustion. Grave No: 2004, Section 0, Grave no 236, Old Catholic Cemetery, Rookwood. Mary was buried on 28 Jun 1898 in Rookwood cemetery. R.C. section. No record on S.A.G.Rookwood transcriptions.

Notes from Grant Franklyn-Smith:

"Mary Crook, wife of Henry Crook ,was born between 1807-1811 in Limerick, Ireland. Mary Foley was sentenced 7 years at Limerick, on the 7th day of March, 1827 for stealing clothes. She was a nurse girl ( or maid ) aged Abt 20 years old of Roman Catholic Religion, single and could not read or write. She had no former convictions, and her native place of abode was Limerick. Described as being 5 feet 1/2 inch tall. Ruddy fair complexion , light brown hair, hazel eyes, a small perpendicular scar at inner part of her left eyebrow. "IF" on upper part of right arm (probably a birthmark or tattoo). She wasn't transported till four years after her conviction, it is not known where she spent this time, but was finally transported to Australia on the Ship "Palambam" , which left Cork on 23rd March, 1831 arriving in Sydney on 31st July 1831.The Master of the ship was Geo Willis and the accompanying Surgeon Superintendent was James Osborne ( State Archives

Micro Film No 698/3 ) From Convict Films 317-331 Indent No 112 State Archives. On arrival in Sydney she was sent to work for a Mr Jas. Rufsell. It's later noted on the Catholic Church Reel of St Mary, ( Reel no 722 4/2151..4..of 1832), William Baker aged 20 "BONDED" who arrived on the ship "Champion" in 1827, and applied to marry Mary Foley aged 20 . Obviously this did not take place as later noted , at St Philip's Church, Sydney, ( Reel 722...4/2151.2 of 1832) , Application of marriage, with Governor's Consent to Marry,( They had to receive the Governors consent , as she was still on bond for a few more years, Convict permission to marry No 74 State Archives ) ,Mary Foley ,aged 21 "BONDED" , arrived on the ship , "Palambam" in 1831, to Henry Crook, aged 35 yrs, a free , new settler, from Great Britain arrived on the Ship " Young William " in 1809, they were wed on the 24th March 1832, at St Philips Sydney.

Mary received her Certificate of Freedom No 34/1116. Dated 9th September 1834.

It is noted on the 14th October 1856, she attended the birth of her granddaughter, Margaret Hellmers, helping her daughter Elizabeth during Labor, at Maitland. She lived in Maitland from 1838 to 1870.

Noted that the Marriage of her son Joseph Henry Crook and Ann Kirkwood took place at the residence of Mrs Mary Crook of Horse Shoe Bend, West Maitland in 1863.

Mary is noted as the witness [signing her name with a cross] at the wedding of her son Henry Crook, to Selina Sexton on the 1st August 1870, West Maitland. Mary is noted as Mary Crook, Midwife of West Maitland, attending her daughter-in-law Selina Crook during her birth of her son Robert Henry Crook dated 31st August 1870.

"After having a large family and living in Maitland from around 1837, Mary is noted to be still living in Maitland as late as the 1st August 1870, at the wedding of Henry Crook to Selina Sexton, Mary is noted as being a witness signing her name with a cross as her mark Mary X Crook.

The family started to appear in the Redfern area, with daughter Elizabeth Hellmers in Sydney c1858, John and family were in Redfern by 1867, as were William's family in 1868, followed later by Henry and Selina also settling in the Redfern area with their son Robert who wed in Redfern in 1878.

I would say that at a guess Mary finally traveled down to live in Sydney with her sons after 1870, after the marriage of Henry jr, living another 28 years around her children, at least 34 grandchildren and 35 great grandchildren that had been born before her death in 1898, including my grandmother Irene Mary Hall who was born in 1895. Mary would spend her last years in Newington Asylum, Sydney, passing away on the 26 June 1898".

Henry probably died Abt 1886. Mary died at Newington Asylum for Old Woman on the 26th June ,1898 aged 88 years old of Senile Marasmus and Exhaustion and was buried in Rookwood ,Roman Catholic Section on 28th June 1898. Leaving only four surviving children Joseph, Elizabeth, John and William."

There is some uncertainty about Mary's age as there is a baptism for mary Foley on 31st december 1806 at St. Michael's in Limerick City to a Cornelius Foley and Ellen Hushen. However she stated her father's name as Patrick^34,285,286.

Henry Patrick CROOK and Mary FOLEY had the following children:

55.

James MCLEAN, son of John MCLEAN and Elizabeth CAMPBELL, was born on 7 Aug 1812 in Falkirk Stirling Scotland. IGI. James was baptised on 16 Aug 1812 in Falkirk Stirling Scotland. IGI. James was a Shoemaker (journeyman).²³⁵ He married Janet LIVINGSTON on 1 Jan 1838 in Falkirk, Stirling, Scotland. GROS 479/00 012*, Extract of entries in Old Parish Register, Parish of Falkirk, County of Stirling. Register of proclamations of banns and marriages. Dated 1.1.1838. Extract 27.9.04. James died on 14 Jul 1891 in Cuckburn St. Falkirk.²³⁵ senile decay. James married Janet TURNBULL.

James McLean was born in Falkirk in 1812 to John McLean and Elizabeth Campbell. He married Janet Livingston in 1838 in Falkirk and they produced 4 children, all born in Falkirk. The 1841 census shows James, Janet, Catherine and John living at Back Raw, Falkirk.

By the 1851 census the family have moved to Vicars Lane, Dalkeith. :James McLean, 38, Head, shoemaker; Janet, wife, 35; Catherine, daughter, 12, at home; John, son, 10, apprentice moulder;and Janet, daughter, 2. All born Falkirk, Stirlingshire. There is no sign of son James, age 8 in the 1851 census.

It seems that James re-married to Janet Turnbull between 1851 and 1861. The 1861 census shows James back in Falkirk at Roberts Wynd with wife Janet who was born in London. Also in the house were daughter Janet, 12 daughter Elizabeth age 9, daughter Ann age 4 months.

In the 1871 census the address is 82 High Street Falkirk with wife Janet and daughter Ann aged 10.

By the 1881 census James is in Falkirk at 64 High Street living with daughter Ann, servant, age 20, and a 4 month old illegitimate grand-daughter Janet Hendry. Interestingly the next-door family was a McGilchrist family, father a shoemaker. James McLean's grand-daughter married a McGilchrist but no firm connection can be made so far.

James died in 1891, aged 78 in Falkirk, closely followed by Janet in Dalkeith^129,294.

Janet TURNBULL,²³⁵ daughter of John TURNBULL ( - ) and Harriet UNKNOWN ( - ), was born in 1815 in London, England.^{235 299 260} calculated from deat cert. Janet died on 23 Dec 1879 in 64 High St., Dalkeith.^{235 235} stomach cancer.

The 1861 census finds them, less John who was living with the Howat's in Catrine, at Roberts Wynd, Falkirk. James McLean, Head, 48, shoemaker; Janet McLean, 45, wife; Janet McLean, daughter, 12; Elizabeth McLean, daughter, 9; and Ann McLean,

daughter, 4 months. All are born at Falkirk, except wife Janet, listed as born in London(no record on IGI)

By 1871 census at High St. Falkirk, with James, 58, shoemaker; wife Janet Turnbull, 55, born London;and Ann daughter, 10, scholar.

Perhaps the first Mrs. McLean, Janet died and John remarried to Janet Turnbull between the 1851 and 1861 censuses. This would explain the age discrepancy between Catherine, born 1838, and Janet, born 1849. However no GROS record of death 1855-61.

And OPR deaths prior to 1855 not yet on website. IGI has a record of birth of a Janet Turnbull in 1815, but no marriages 1851-61, and no deaths for Janet McLean in that period.Also no Statutory marriages 1855-61.Nor OPR marriages 1851-55.However

there is a Stat. Reg. death for Janet McLean/Turnbull in 1879. This indicates a marrige to James McLean and she died at their residence.

The 1881 census lists James at 64 High St. Falkirk, widowed, 68, shoemaker; Ann McLean, Daughter, unmarried, 20, general servant; and Janet Hendry, illegitimate granddaughter, 4 months, of Falkirk.

James not mentioned 1891 census

Death reg. has a James Lyon, son-in-law, as informant.

Death reg. confirms James's 2 marriages^{70,235,260,290,299,355}.

Janet TURNBULL and James MCLEAN had the following children:

57.

Thomas HOWAT was born in 1799 in Catrine, Ayrshire, Scotland. 613/00 014/00 010 from 1851 census. Thomas was a Master Shoemaker, Leather cutter.³⁵⁶ He married Ann HOGG on 26 Nov 1827 in Sorn, Ayr, Scotland. IGI,GROS 613/00 0004. Extract from OPR, Parish of Sorn, County of Ayr. Register of proclamations of banns and marriages dated 26.11.1827. Extracted 27.9.04.

Thomas Howat was born in Catrine,Ayrshire, Scotland in 1799. He married Ann Hogg, born 1801 in Sorn, Ayrshire, Scotland. They produced 6 children in Scotland.

Thomas was listed under boot and shoemakers, Mill Square in Pigot's Ayrshire Directory 1837 - 'Catrine in Sorn, and Mauchline.' And at the 1841 census the family were living at Mill Square, Sorn with baby Clementine.

By the 1851 census Ann must have died as at the 1851 census at 29 Mill Square, Sorn, we find Thomas,widower, age 52, Master shoemaker, born Catrine, Ayrshire. In the house was daughter Marion, unmarried, 26, powerloom cotton weaver; Archibald, son, unmarried, 18, under power loom tenter; George, son, 15, cotton spreader; and Clementina, daughter, scholar. All born Catrine.

Inthe Ayrshire directory 1851-2 Thomas was listed as a shoemaker in Mill Square, Catrine.

By the 1861 census the family was living at Alisons Court, West Dalkeith. Fourteen people at that address. Listed as Thomas, widower, age 62, shoemaker; Marion Howat, daughter, unmarried, 34, Housekeeper; George, son, unmarried, 26, iron moulder; and Clementina, daughter, unmarried, 20, Housekeeper. All born Catrine. Also living in house was John McLean, unmarried, 20, iron moulder, of Falkirk, Stirlingshire. He obviously was to marry Clementina in the next year.

There are various Howats and Hoggs buried in Sorn churchyard, none however has yet been linked to this family.^{294,299,356,357,358}

59.

Charles McLean CREIGHTON OR CRIGHTON,³⁶⁰ son of William CREIGHTON OR CRIGHTON and Mary MCLEAN, was born in 1798 in Glasgow, Scotland.²²⁰ Info. from headstone. Charles was an Engineer, Brassfounder. He married Rachel MEADOWCROFT on 9 May 1831 in Manchester.³⁶¹ A/c to death cert. Charles died on 28 Nov 1871 in 233 Clarence St Sydney.³⁷ 1424/1871. Charles was buried on 30 Nov 1871 in Rookwood cemetery. Old Presbyterian section.²²⁰ Date from death cert.

Charles McLean Crighton was born in Glasgow, Scotland to William Creighton or Crighton and Mary McLean in about 1798. He married in Manchester in 1831, and emigrated to Australia in about 1835. He was an engineer and brassfounder and operated a business in Sydney city for many years. He had 11 children before he died in 1871. He was buried at Rookwood cemetery with his wife and son-in-law.

It seems that this family can be spelled Creighton, Crighton or Crichton depending on the source. It is therefore difficult to know exactly who was who.

His name, Charles McLean is established according to Death registration 2578 of son Alexander, Birth Reg. of son Charles, his own Death certificate, and his own headstone.

His Death certificate gives his age as 72. There is no trace of his birth on GROS.

According to his death Certificate, informed by his wife, he arrived in NSW about 1834. An index of passengers and crew in and out of Sydney 1830-1841 has a Mr. Charles Crichton arrival on the ship "Betsy" on 30.5.1833, from Leith (Edinburgh), occupation ironfounder.In 1839 four other Crichton and Creighton males arrived.

Electoral rolls have Charles Maclean Creighton in a dwelling house in Kent St.in 1845-6.And 1848-9, 1849-50, 1850-51 (spelt Crighton).In 1851-52 address now George St. as well as Kent St. Cox and Co.'s Sydney Post Office Driectory 1857 has a Charles Creighton, brass finisher at 201 Kent. St.. And as Charles Crighton, brassfounder, that address. They also have a Charles Creighton, oil and colourman, and painter, glazier and paper-hanger at 81 George St. It seems possible that Charles Creighton operated 2 businesses, one at Kent Street, later at Clarence, as a brass moulder; another at George Street as a painter. Son Alexander W became a painter, so would have learned the trade at home. There is also the possibility that another Charles (senior) existed, and operated a painting business, and Alexander learned the trade from his uncle. In fact, a Charles Creighton, painter, born around 1827, died in Sydney, Pitt Street in 1872, and was an old resident of North

George Street. Charles McLean Crighton, engineer, Clarence St. Sydney was declared bankrupt on 12/4/1843, according to the NSW index to insolvency and also confirmed by an "application" at that date reported in a local newspaper. However a CM Crighton of Kent and Clarence Sts. was advertising his brass castings in the Literary Gazette on 12.12.1844.

Sands Commercial Directory 1858-59 has a Creighton, Charles as a brassfounder at 237 Clarence St. By 1861 at 231 Clarence St. In 1863 Trades Directory at 231 Clarence st., an Edward Crichton, brassfounder. By 1867 Charles Crighton brassfounder at 233 Clarence St. At 231 Clarence in 1869 as Crighton. Listed at 283 Clarence in 1871. For a street plan of Clarence St. in 1895 see accompanying image. According to researcher Wendy Thorp "The line of Clarence Street, or at least a shorter version of it (the thoroughfare was extended north after the removal of Wynyard Barracks in the 1840s), had been formed by the first years of the nineteenth century. It was described as "Soldiers Middle Row" on the town plan of 1807. It was formally named "Clarence Street" by Governor Macquarie on October 6; 1810 and was proclaimed on December 31, 1834." And "Clarence Street then and now was most closely associated with small businesses, warehousing and importing firms which found this area advantageously placed in relation to the central commercial precinct of the city. Until the middle years of the nineteenth century the majority of this occupation utilised the street frontages leaving the interior of the block to encompass yards and sheds".

A compilation of early family names from the Sydney Assessment Rolls, indicating relevant addresses has been made including Creighton, et al.

The photo of the rear of 233, 235 Clarence St. shows the basic condition of housing in the area.

Charles died in 1871 and his wife Rachel was listed at 233 Clarence in 1873 and died at that address. They were buried at Rookwood cemetery in the same grave as their daughter Hannah and her husband John Brown. The members of his Lodge, the Loyal United Brothers Lodge placed a funeral notice in the SMH, as did sons Alexander and Charles. In the SMH Death notice he was described as "an old and respected resident of the city. Aged 73 years".

The 2 maps of Sydney show the development of the areas where Charles worked and lived over just 11 years^{37,123,124,158,159,160,161,274,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369}.

60.

Rachel MEADOWCROFT,¹¹² daughter of MEADOWCROFT, was born in 1808 in Manchester. She was a Cotton weaver. She died on 25 Oct 1874 in Sydney -233 Clarence St.³⁷ Reg. 1483. Rachel was buried on 26 Oct 1874 in Rookwood Necropolis, Presbyterian Cemetery.^{220 37} Reg. 1483.

Rachel Meadowcroft, daughter of a cotton weaver, was born in Manchester in 1808 and married Charles McLean Crighton about 1831 in Manchester. They emigrated to Australia about 1834 a/c to her death certificate. They produced 8 children. Rachel died in 1874, 3 years after Charles and they were buried in the same grave in the Presbyterian Section of Rookwood Necropolis. Son-in-law John Brown was also interred in the grave.

They were living at 233 Clarence St., Sydney in 1871 at Charles' death.

"p.8. Funerals:

The friends of Mr. Charles Crighton, coach-painter, are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of his dearly beloved mother, Mrs. Rachel Crighton: to move from her late residence, 233 Clarence St., this day at a quarter past 2 o'clock, and proceed to the Necropolis. Thomas, undertaker, York Street.

The friends of Alexander and George Crighton are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of their dearly beloved mother, Mrs. Rachel Crighton: to move from her late residence, 233 Clarence St., this day at a quarter past 2 o'clock, and proceed to the Necropolis. Thomas, undertaker, York Street"

Charles McLean CREIGHTON OR CRIGHTON and Rachel MEADOWCROFT had the following children:

61.

Joseph CHAMBERS was born in 1802 in Maghera, Derry, Ireland.^{105 290} He was a weaver, soldier, policeman, labourer.^{370 371} He married Ann SHAW on 5 Oct 1829 in St Laurence's Church, Chorley, Lancashire.^{372 373} He died on 11 Feb 1860 in Sydney.^{105 24 374 375 376} 1860/250 V18608255 122B Heart disease. Joseph was buried on 12 Feb 1860 in Camperdown, Newtown.^{374 375 117 377} North wall, Number 1511. Plot No. 186, commencing from eastern corner. SAG NO. 1514.

Joseph Chambers was a Northern Irishman who joined the British army at an early age, was stationed at Jamaica with his regiment, and eventually came to Australia as a "Redcoat". He was discharged in Australia, lived at the Rocks in Sydney, and his headstone can be found at Camperdown Cemetery. He was born in 1802 at Maghera, Derry, Ireland, Married Ann Shaw in 1829 and had 8 children with her.

According to his headstone, he was a member of the 50th.Regiment of Foot, his Death Certificate indicating wrongly that he was formerly a soldier in 51st Regiment. He has been confirmed as on payroll of the 50th Regiment. (on their 1st. tour of Australia, 1833-1842), along with a George Chambers (no relationship established).

He probably arrived in Australia on the ship 'Roslin Castle', 15/9/1834, from London.

After arriving in Australia some of the 50th Regiment worked at Illawarra (May 1835-Aug 1837), according to a website on "the Illawarra Stockade". A website about another soldier who joined the 50th Regt in 1820 gives some information on their previous activities. The regiment was stationed in Jamaica in 1819. After moving there men, women and children suffered from repeated attacks of yellow fever. According to Sykes and Tulloch's research, quoted by the South African Military History Journal "In 1819 the 50th Regiment had arrived in March and the 93rd three months later, both being stationed at Up-Park Camp, just two miles north of Kingston. Towards the end of June the first signs of the pestilence appeared and then it reached an unprecedented intensity during July and August, such being the ravages that one half of each Regiment's personnel died from this disease". In 1827 the regiment left Jamaica and went home to England. By 1828 it was transferred to postings in Lancashire. This fits in with Joseph's marriage in Lancashire in 1829. In 1833 a directive was issued regarding transferring to NSW. All detachments first moved to Chatham. The main body of troops arrived mid 1834, having been convict escorts in detachments. In Australia regimental headquarters were established at Windsor. The regiment then moved to Wynyard Barracks, Sydney in about June 1837.

The following information is from Joseph's Soldiers Papers; a collection of his military records on discharge to pension. The Regimental Board (probably in Sydney) sat on 21/1/1841, the copy was received (probably in London) on 13/6/41, and the pension was approved on 25/9/41.

[No. 155, Joseph Chambers, Private

Born Maghera Parish, town of Maghera, County of Derry

Enlisted 7/2/20

Attested for 50th Regt. on 10/2/20 at Armagh, age 18 (Newry District) - bounty 3 pounds British. Received 2/6d. on attestation.

Description: 5ft.6ins.and 3/4 height, fair complexion, blue eyes, fair hair

Gave trade as a weaver. Approved 11/2/20 -"A fine young lad likely to grow? up well".

7/2/20 - 24/6/26 Private

25/6/26 - 8/8/26 Corporal

9/8/26 - 31/12/28 Private

7/1/29 - 31/1/41 Private

Total Service 20 years 359 days

Served West Indies 3/2/21 - 8/3/27

New South Wales 16/9/34 onwards

Remainder -at home-

Character - conduct has been -good-. Wears 2 distinguishing badges since 30/10/38

Surgeon-s report 7/1/41 Sydney:

"Joseph Chambers aged 39 years. All his ?, no trade, middle stature. Light complexion pitted with smallpox. Never had the venereal disease. Service 21 years, upwards of 6 of which he served in Jamaica, and suffered there with intermittent and remittent fevers and opthalmia. During the treatment of which he took Mercury a. salvator? "In the last 5 years this man has suffered from chronic cough and rheumatic pains over which the medical means have exerted but temporary influence. He is recommended unfit for further service in which and by which his disability has been contracted". Conduct in hospital good."

Description on discharge:

39 years, 5 ft.7,1/4ins., fair hair blue eyes, fair complexion. Trade a weaver.

Approved 25/9/41]

Joseph was awarded a military pension 25/8/1841 from 50th Regiment. According to the Inquest report of his death, it was 1 shilling per diem (per day). The regiment was transferred to India in 1841.

Despite his medical discharge from the Army he then joined the city police force as a constable for about 10 years. The Sydney police force was in disarray, having developed from a group of ex-convicts, with meagre pay and hostility from the populace. "The police for the most part are not content with wearing their staff of office, but carry with them large sticks, of every fashion and variety, very much, doubtless In their opinion, to add to their dignity and importance. The unseemly swagger with which they are often carried has a very different effect on the minds of the public. We do not think that any body of men In Sydney can furnish so unique and handsome a collection of walking sticks, canes, and shel-lalahs as our police force." The article that criticised the police went on to say that their sticks wore often used where words might have secured law and order. "Hard luck for the Sydney citizen who argued the point with a constable who carried a shelllalah!" Living in The Rocks we might assume that Joseph's duties encompassed the area. "The Rocks had a notorious reputation for trouble and violence stretching back to its colonial beginnings as a penal colony and early trading port. The "pushes" of the Rocks were particularly notable. Law and order were kept by mounted police or "troopers", in combination with ordinary police, who could be picked out in a crowd by their bell-topper hat, black coat and white duck trousers. The mounted police wore a military uniform similar to the regular 13th Light Dragoons. Police control of the Rocks during the mid-19th century was achieved with the Water Police in George Street, a single constable in Harrington Street, a station house in Cumberland Street, and, more to keep a watchful eye on Millers Point, a station at government ground cornered at Kent and Argyle Streets". In 1844 when Joseph was probably in the force the police establishment included 65 constables as reported by Tegg's Almanac. According to 'Policing The Rocks', "In 1844, the citizens of Sydney had a public meeting requesting the increase of police numbers. One of the points they raised was that from Dawes Point to Pitt Street there was 'scarcely any property that was not committed to the protection of private watchmen and the reason was there were not enough policemen'. 'They believed the numbers of ex-convicts from Van Diemens Land and Norfolk Island moving into the city made an increase in police numbers a necessity. There had also been two horrendous murders in The Rocks that year."

A policeman's lot is never a happy one and the 2 indications of Joseph Chambers' lot (if indeed it is our J.C.) are from contemporary newspapers. One mentions him in relation to arresting drunkards and another where a magistrate, and the newspaper, criticises him and the police for being over-zealous.

After discharge from the police force he worked as a labourer at Breillat's flour mill for about 5 years, according to "The Empire" newspaper. The steam-driven flour mill was on Cockle Bay in the area of Sussex St., Margaret Place, and Napoleon Street. The mill was originally built and owned by a French General and convict Francois Girard who sold it to Breillat in 1841. According to the Daily Telegraph "To serve his mill with raw materials, Girard built a wharf and a road connecting the mill on Sussex St to Margaret St. It became known as Napoleon Lane, in honour of Girard’s hero the emperor, and later Napoleon St. In 1900, after bubonic plague swept through Sydney’s waterfront, Robert Hickson was appointed to clean up the area. Building was resumed and land reclaimed along Cockle Bay to create what became known as Hickson Rd. Napoleon St was again widened but to this day meets Hickson Rd rather than Sussex St, as it did originally. All trace of Girard’s buildings have gone". Part of the area has also been archeologically excavated, providing original map details. It appears to have been subsumed by the modern development of Barangaroo. Joseph died whilst working at the mill, most probably of a heart attack, the report of the inquest saying "On Saturday morning, a man named Joseph Chambers, in the employ or Mr. T. C. Breillat, fell down dead. He was formerly a soldier, subsequently a policeman, and for the last five years he has been employed as a labourer at the flour mills of Mr.Breilliat. At 6 o'clock on the morning of Saturday he went to work in his usual good health; for an hour and a half he was occupied in guiding a rope that was hauling up bags of flour from a lower loft. At about half-past seven, without being at all injured by the rope or machinery he tell backwards, and immediately expired. The City Coroner held an inquest upon the body during the afternoon of the same day. The evidence, however, elicited no further information respecting this melancholy occurrence; the verdict then returned was " Died from the visitation of God”. In seeking to find Joseph's death place it has been impossible to find the exact location of the mill today even though historical maps can pinpoint it.

As for the family's living arrangements, after leaving the Army where presumably the family lived in Married men's quarters, NSW Electoral rolls finds a Joseph Chambers in a dwelling-house in George St. in 1842-3, and a Joseph Chambers, in a dwelling, Castlereagh St. He was living at Brown Bear Lane at the death of his 15 year-old daughter Margaret Amelia in 1856. Brown Bear Lane became Little Essex Street. The Brown Bear Inn was at the corner of Little Essex and Princes Streets in The Rocks and believed to have been destroyed for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and/or the Bradfield Highway. A mural has been painted at the bottom of where Little Essex Street was, of a view up the Lane to the "Ocean Wave" Hotel. "The engraving depicts a section of lower George Street showing 'E. Chambers' 'Brown Bear', which was a notorious pub in The Rocks. The pub bequeathed its name to a laneway. This laneway later became Little Essex Street and then was consumed totally during numerous rebuildings of the area". Various relevant sketches, maps of the area are available in 2 books about the area. Most inhabitants of the street were listed as "waterman", and soap and candle manufacturers; the 1857 Cox & Co. Directory has a Joseph Chambers, labourer, still living at No. 54 Brown Bear Lane. A compilation of early family names from the Sydney Assessment Rolls, indicating relevant addresses has been made, including the Chambers family, but no definite addresses can be confirmed until Ann Chambers' death at Castlereagh street.

The death notice in the "Empire" newspaper also indicated that Joseph died suddenly, leaving a "a wife and eight children to deplore their bereavement." One daughter had died in 1856 and one was married by the time of his death. "Geelong papers please copy" indicated a Victorian relative, and his married daughter Ann lived in Geelong.

Joseph died in 1860 and was buried at Camperdown cemetery in the same grave as daughter Amelia and wife Ann who passed away in 1870. The Burial Butt for Camperdown Cemetery for Joseph describes his death as due to "Decline of Years"^{37,123,124,273,274,370,375,376,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395}.

62.

Ann SHAW, daughter of SHAW, was born c. 1814 in Maghera, Derry, Ireland/Manchester, England.¹⁰⁵ Also calculated acc. to death cert. Ann died on 11 Nov 1870 in 287 Castlereagh St. Sydney, NSW.^{105 24 374 375} 1870/1211 Pleural pneumonia. Ann was buried on 12 Nov 1870 in St. Stephens Camperdown.¹¹⁷ headstone SAG NO. 1514.

Ann Shaw was probably born in 1814 in Maghera, Derry, Ireland. Although her death certificate, informed by her son-in-law says Manchester, England. She was married in 1829 to Joseph Chambers in Chorley, Lancashire where Joseph was a soldier. Ann was 15 years of age at marriage according to the death certificate. She and joseph had 8 children, one born in Australian waters and the rest in Sydney.

In the birth of some of her daughters, her name was given as "Maria"

According to her death certificate in 1870, 6 male children, 1 female were still alive . However this should be 6 female, 1 male still alive. Also 1 male, 3 female deceased by 1870, but only 1 female found so far.

Alexander Crighton was named in the death certificate as informant and son-in-law. Address same as death address, Castlereagh St. The Sydney morning Herald had the death at 'son-in-law's residence 287 Castlereagh Street'. Likewise the funeral from that address. Ann was buried at Camperdown cemetery in the same grave as husband Joseph and daughter Amelia.^396,397

Joseph CHAMBERS and Ann SHAW had the following children:

65.

Isaac LEMON²⁹⁰ was born in 1750.¹⁵⁰ Age 69 given on burial transcript. Isaac died in 1819 in Liverpool.³⁹⁹ He was buried on 13 Jan 1819 in Liverpool, St. Thomas.^{150 399} He married Elizabeth REYNOLDS.

Isaac Lemon is the first and only Jewish ancestor in the Knight family that we know of.

Isaac was born in 1750, calculated from his burial transcript. He was part of the Jewish community in Liverpool according to the "Records of the Jews in Liverpool", 1899. This document identifies from Gore's Directory 1790 Isaac Lemon, broker, 11 Bridge street as Jewish. The "Records" say about the Jewish community "We find that in 1780 they assembled for worship in a small house in Turton Court, near the present Custom House, and probably were for the most part persons engaged in vending new and second-hand wares to the seafaring population." It postulates that around 1800 there may have been about 100 Jews in Liverpool. This is reinforced by "Settlers arrived in the mid 18th century and there is a record of an early synagogue in Stanley Street in 1753. Jews soon established a niche supplying chandlery and general provisions to the local seafaring quarter, while sending out hawkers into the local communities with cheaper goods."

According to Gores Directory of Liverpool Isaac Lemon was a broker living at 47 Crosbie Street.

In the 1801 census the family lived in Crosbie St. front of house, 1 family, 5 male and 3 females. The Knight family were also living in Crosbie Street.

According to daughter Elizabeth's baptism record and son Martin's christening document, Isaac was a broker. Abode at that time was Crosbie St. His address at his death was still at Crosbie Street.

He died in 1819 and was not buried in a Jewish cemetery but in St. Thomas, Church of England^{150,319,400,401,402}.

67.

John HALL,^{268 90} son of Abraham HALL and Sarah BOOTH, was baptised on 3 Mar 1773 in St. Michael's, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.^{90 90} He was born c. 1778 in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England.^{348 90} b. 1775 according to source421. John was a Farmer. He married Martha SMITH on 2 Feb 1797 in Ashton under Lyne, Lancashire, England. IGI see RK genealogy indexes. John died in Ashton-under-Lyne.⁹⁰

John Hall (John Booth Hall according to source 421) was born around 1778, in Ashton-under-Lyne to Abraham Hall and Sarah Booth. In 1797 he married Martha Smith in Ashton-under-Lyne. They had 7 children all born in Ashton-under-Lyne. John was a farmer at Smallshaw.Occupation from David Hall's death cert. "The ancestors of John Hall can be traced back to the 1500's," and some of the towns they lived and worked in were Mossley, Ashton under Lyne, Saddleworth and Botany.".The family possibly moved to Hurst from Smallshaw as son David was living at Hurst in the 1820's (at the birth of his children).

Pigot's Directory 1828-29 has a John Hall as a brickmaker (fire and tile) Dukinfield. Most farmers in the early 1800s were weaving at home what they raised on their small holdings. Home based industry gradually gave way to the more efficient mills as the industrial revolution progressed. The Slater and Mayall families changed from farmers to weavers and this is possibly what happened to the Halls too.

As this is the earliest of the Halls on who we have much reliable information, and noting his uncertain parentage, it will be worth reading Grant Franklyn-Smith's PDF report from 2018, "Descendants of John Hall"^{90,267,409,410}.

75.

Joseph CROOK^{286 86} was born c. 1760 in Christ Church Parish, Hampshire, England.^{86 34} He was a Convict. Servant. Labourer. Baker. He married Elizabeth J BRIDGENS on 20 Sep 1788 in St. Luke, Old Street, Finsbury, London, Middlesex, England.^{286 86 34 34} by Banns. Joseph died in May 1828 in Sydney AsylumSydney, County of Cumberland, Colony of N.S.W., Australia.^{286 86}

The "Descendants of Joseph Crook" research by Grant Franklyn-Smith is the best reference for this family line.

Joseph Crook was born in Hampshire around 1760 and married Elizabeth Bridgens in London in 1788. They produced 7 children before his Transportation to Australia as a convict, and he died in Sydney in 1828.

Joseph Crook deserted the British army, was court- martialled with a sentence of life, and transported in 1807 to Australia on the 'Duke of Portland' and his family came on the accompanying ship 'Young William'.

"The "Duke of Portland", a convict ship of 192 male prisoners, sailed in the company of the store ship "Young William", carrying Cargo, New Settlers and Visitors and a Regiment of Soldiers, Joseph's family had been able to secure passage on the "Young William" to come to Australia and be close to husband andfather Joseph. They included his wife Elizabeth, sons Joseph, John and Henry, and daughters Elizabeth Margaret, Sarah, and Emma. They are all listed as individual adults travelling except for Henry and Emma who are listed as two children traveling with their mother Elizabeth Crook."

"Joseph Crook voluntarily enlisted in His Majesty's Army and or the Forces of the East India Company, [At this time the English were still at war with the French called the Napoleonic Wars, so many English men were being rounded up for compulsory enlistments to fight in the wars against Napoleon's Army] He did not report for service and so was charged with desertion, he was arrested and faced trial. Joseph Crook was convicted on the 18th March 1806 at Parkhurst Barracks, Isle of Wight, England. He was tried for Desertion by Court Martial and sentenced to Life, and transported on the "Duke of Portland" ,a store ship of 523 tons, [The Master was John Clarke] arriving in Port Jackson, in the Colony of New South Wales on the 27th July 1807, after a voyage of 189 days. "

"Occupation.2.: 08 September 1821, Labourer, Stores. Colonial Secretary Papers.40

Occupation.3.: 1828, Baker.41 Parish: 1828, St. James Parish, Sydney, County of Cumberland.41 Religion: 1828, Church of England, St. James Parish.41 Residence: 1828, Sydney Asylum, Sydney, Colony of N.S.W., Australia.41 "

Convict Education:: 1807, Could read and Write.

Ticket of Leave: 30 July 1810, * Ticket of Leave within the District of Sydney

Convict Pardon:: 29 February 1812, * Crook, Joseph: pardon no 87. Given a Conditional Parden [CP³⁴]